{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414856411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617296","title":"Hybrid Load-Pull and Nonlinear Embedding Approach for High-Efficiency GaN Class-F/F\u207b\u00b9 Power Amplifier Design in Satellite Applications","display_name":"Hybrid Load-Pull and Nonlinear Embedding Approach for High-Efficiency GaN Class-F/F\u207b\u00b9 Power Amplifier Design in Satellite Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414856411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3617296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4414856411"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617296","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035845174","display_name":"Humayun Zahid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5460-8652","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5460-8652"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192392021","display_name":"University of Central Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/04g0mqe67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Humayun Zahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","PhD Scholar, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5460-8652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD Scholar, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066334587","display_name":"Muhammad Kamran Saleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-7823","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-7823"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192392021","display_name":"University of Central Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/04g0mqe67","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Kamran Saleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-7823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192392021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020816435","display_name":"Abdul Maalik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0521-8638","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0521-8638"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Maalik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electromagnetics, Antennas, and Microwaves, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","PhD, Electromagnetics, Antennas, and Microwaves, Ohio State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0521-8638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electromagnetics, Antennas, and Microwaves, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD, Electromagnetics, Antennas, and Microwaves, Ohio State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063413030","display_name":"Muhammad Ikram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1685-8445","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1685-8445"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75535952","display_name":"American University of Kuwait","ror":"https://ror.org/00w73cg32","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ikram","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, American University of Kuwait (AUK), Safat, Kuwait","Assistant Professor, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, American University of Kuwait (AUK), Safat, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1685-8445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, American University of Kuwait (AUK), Safat, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, American University of Kuwait (AUK), Safat, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"apc_paid":{"value":2075,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2075},"fwci":0.3914,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46582939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"173768","last_page":"173789"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10099","display_name":"GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11444","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Noise Suppression","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gan-power-amplifier","display_name":"GaN power amplifier","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-f-power-amplifier","display_name":"class-F power amplifier","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-embedding","display_name":"nonlinear embedding","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-pull-optimization","display_name":"load-pull optimization","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonic-termination","display_name":"harmonic termination","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-added-efficiency","display_name":"power-added efficiency","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-off-the-shelf-components","display_name":"commercial off-the-shelf components","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ku-band","display_name":"Ku-band","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s-band","display_name":"S-band","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-band","display_name":"C-band","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-transponders","display_name":"satellite transponders","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-management","display_name":"thermal management","score":0.5659999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.7150999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.60589998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.5508999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159818811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7135947","display_name":"Parasitic extraction","level":2,"score":0.5450999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127934551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148098","display_name":"Harmonic","level":2,"score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4503999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196054291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7276624","display_name":"RF power amplifier","level":4,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129014197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906544","display_name":"Power semiconductor device","level":3,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129231560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236462","display_name":"Power-added efficiency","level":5,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150169584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834319","display_name":"Transistor model","level":4,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74524168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074539","display_name":"Integrated circuit design","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118993495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042828","display_name":"Electrical efficiency","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28285623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176110","display_name":"Insulated-gate bipolar transistor","level":3,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778871202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411713","display_name":"Gallium nitride","level":3,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3617296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:26e118fda40843168c3b4d166d18fa8f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/26e118fda40843168c3b4d166d18fa8f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 173768-173789 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3617296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1743917236","https://openalex.org/W1886124003","https://openalex.org/W2007803098","https://openalex.org/W2044291289","https://openalex.org/W2087230395","https://openalex.org/W2104183221","https://openalex.org/W2111796449","https://openalex.org/W2115142907","https://openalex.org/W2136084559","https://openalex.org/W2156057622","https://openalex.org/W2162514786","https://openalex.org/W2166185984","https://openalex.org/W2169548679","https://openalex.org/W2200841871","https://openalex.org/W2326478571","https://openalex.org/W2524399509","https://openalex.org/W2755029799","https://openalex.org/W2762395004","https://openalex.org/W2810294359","https://openalex.org/W2889703305","https://openalex.org/W2894714807","https://openalex.org/W2896203965","https://openalex.org/W2902185783","https://openalex.org/W2914978905","https://openalex.org/W2978453761","https://openalex.org/W2996208664","https://openalex.org/W3018154587","https://openalex.org/W3048253515","https://openalex.org/W3097848537","https://openalex.org/W3201111708","https://openalex.org/W4281760074","https://openalex.org/W4285129505","https://openalex.org/W4293689541","https://openalex.org/W4293731749","https://openalex.org/W4312957613","https://openalex.org/W4367148494","https://openalex.org/W4379116963","https://openalex.org/W4380592123","https://openalex.org/W4382203355","https://openalex.org/W4382657731","https://openalex.org/W4385299309","https://openalex.org/W4386869742","https://openalex.org/W4388623737","https://openalex.org/W4390494123","https://openalex.org/W4392902335","https://openalex.org/W4395662396","https://openalex.org/W4396523426","https://openalex.org/W4399769694","https://openalex.org/W4404293518","https://openalex.org/W4405180301","https://openalex.org/W4408199554","https://openalex.org/W4411086344"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2547950449","https://openalex.org/W1994512849","https://openalex.org/W4395662396","https://openalex.org/W4392941002","https://openalex.org/W1967097137","https://openalex.org/W2051046766","https://openalex.org/W2288843402","https://openalex.org/W1666361600","https://openalex.org/W2159056532","https://openalex.org/W2579118536"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,39,141],"design":[4,59,142,181],"and":[5,11,21,28,44,48,71,88,123,140,150,168,205,226,245,250,264],"development":[6],"of":[7,216],"GaN-based":[8,237],"high-efficiency":[9],"Class-F":[10,53,129,192],"inverse-Class-F":[12,158,200],"(Class-F-1)":[13],"high":[14],"power":[15,87,225],"amplifiers":[16,238,255],"(HPAs)":[17],"at":[18,131,182,194,202,211],"S,":[19],"C":[20],"Ku-bands":[22],"using":[23],"commercial":[24,29],"off-the-shelf":[25],"(COTS)":[26],"ICs":[27],"Nonlinear":[30],"Embedding":[31],"(NLE)":[32],"models.":[33],"By":[34],"relying":[35],"on":[36],"COTS":[37,122],"components,":[38],"need":[40],"for":[41,52,261],"fabricating":[42],"custom":[43],"expensive":[45],"semiconductor":[46],"dies":[47],"limited-access":[49],"transistor":[50,154],"models":[51],"operations":[54],"is":[55,74,134,144,175],"eliminated.":[56],"A":[57,126],"hybrid":[58],"methodology,":[60],"combining":[61],"NLE-based":[62],"optimal":[63],"harmonic":[64],"terminations":[65],"with":[66],"optimum":[67,85,222],"load-pull-based":[68],"fundamental":[69],"source":[70],"load":[72],"matching,":[73],"proposed":[75,82,235],"to":[76,120,147,177,248],"overcome":[77],"their":[78],"individual":[79],"limitations.":[80],"The":[81,185,234],"approach":[83],"achieves":[84],"RF":[86,223],"3%":[89],"higher":[90,101,112],"Power-":[91],"Added":[92],"Efficiency":[93],"(PAE)":[94],"in":[95,103,114],"S-band":[96],"(81%":[97],"vs":[98,106,117],"78%),":[99],"4.5%":[100],"PAE":[102,113],"C-band":[104],"(78%":[105],"72.5%)":[107],"&":[108],"more":[109],"than":[110],"5%":[111],"Ku-band":[115],"(64%":[116],"57%),":[118],"compared":[119],"prior":[121],"MMIC-based":[124],"works.":[125],"continuous-wave":[127],"(CW)":[128],"PA":[130],"2":[132,195],"GHz":[133,149,152,165,204],"developed":[135],"first":[136],"as":[137],"a":[138,169,179,189,197,206,242],"baseline,":[139],"methodology":[143],"then":[145],"extended":[146],"5.5":[148,203],"11.2":[151,183,212],"(where":[153],"parasitics":[155],"necessitate":[156],"an":[157],"topology).":[159],"Dielectric":[160],"constant":[161],"variations":[162],"beyond":[163],"10":[164,190,198],"are":[166],"analyzed,":[167],"novel":[170],"Class-F-1harmonic":[171],"control":[172],"network":[173],"(HCN)":[174],"introduced":[176],"achieve":[178],"first-pass":[180],"GHz.":[184,213],"fabricated":[186],"prototypes":[187],"include":[188],"W":[191,199,209],"HPA":[193,201],"GHz,":[196],"miniaturized":[207],"25":[208],"Class-F-1HPA":[210],"Performance":[214],"measurements":[215],"these":[217],"HPAs":[218],"confirm":[219],"superior":[220],"efficiency,":[221],"output":[224],"efficient":[227,244],"thermal":[228],"management":[229],"(using":[230],"low-cost":[231],"copper-coin":[232],"ring).":[233],"CW":[236],"(with":[239],"linearizers)":[240],"offer":[241],"compact,":[243],"reliable":[246],"alternative":[247],"bulky":[249],"power-hungry":[251],"traveling":[252],"wave":[253],"tube":[254],"(TWTAs),":[256],"making":[257],"them":[258],"highly":[259],"suitable":[260],"satellite":[262],"transponders":[263],"ground-based":[265],"systems.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-06T00:00:00"}