{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414829876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2025.0329","title":"\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a","display_name":"\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414829876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2025.0329"},"language":"ar","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.29117/irl.2025.0329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2025.0329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2025.0329","pdf_url":"https://journals.qu.edu.qa/index.php/IRL/article/download/5447/3288","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736640792","display_name":"International Review of Law","issn_l":"2223-859X","issn":["2223-859X","2710-2505"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320064","host_organization_name":"HBKU Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320064"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["HBKU Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Review of Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journals.qu.edu.qa/index.php/IRL/article/download/5447/3288","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056598730","display_name":"\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0628","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1938-1627","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1938-1627"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0628","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1938-1627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056598730"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14180","display_name":"Law, logistics, and international trade","score":0.76419997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14180","display_name":"Law, logistics, and international trade","score":0.76419997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12669","display_name":"Comparative International Legal Studies","score":0.05829999968409538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12374","display_name":"European and International Contract Law","score":0.05350000038743019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bill-of-exchange","display_name":"bills of exchange","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-law","display_name":"Saudi law","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/french-case-law","display_name":"French case law","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-bills-of-exchange","display_name":"electronic bills of exchange","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-law","display_name":"comparative law","score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contract-law","display_name":"contract law","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/banking-law","display_name":"banking law","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insolvency-law","display_name":"insolvency law","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-liability","display_name":"civil liability","score":0.9319999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.22310000658035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.21449999511241913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.15639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.15129999816417694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775874295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568694","display_name":"PEAR","level":2,"score":0.14800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197321923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4886","display_name":"Cultivar","level":2,"score":0.14390000700950623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.1354999989271164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.1348000019788742}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.29117/irl.2025.0329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2025.0329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2025.0329","pdf_url":"https://journals.qu.edu.qa/index.php/IRL/article/download/5447/3288","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736640792","display_name":"International Review of Law","issn_l":"2223-859X","issn":["2223-859X","2710-2505"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320064","host_organization_name":"HBKU Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320064"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["HBKU Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Review of Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d61b84f8381b49c8888f3ad9b1797101","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d61b84f8381b49c8888f3ad9b1797101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Review of Law, Vol 14, Iss 2 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.29117/irl.2025.0329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2025.0329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2025.0329","pdf_url":"https://journals.qu.edu.qa/index.php/IRL/article/download/5447/3288","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736640792","display_name":"International Review of Law","issn_l":"2223-859X","issn":["2223-859X","2710-2505"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320064","host_organization_name":"HBKU Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320064"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["HBKU Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Review of Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414829876.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414829876.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200019055"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210594011","https://openalex.org/W4389005346","https://openalex.org/W4380483527","https://openalex.org/W3158519418","https://openalex.org/W4399173671","https://openalex.org/W4406693904","https://openalex.org/W7172320531","https://openalex.org/W7131364125","https://openalex.org/W1546292161","https://openalex.org/W3035856196"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641":[0],"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b":[1,32,59,82,119,165],"\u0625\u0644\u0649":[2],"\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629":[3],"\u0634\u0631\u0637":[4,24,113],"\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646":[5],"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629":[6,68,76,84],"\u0641\u064a":[7,35,63,97,142,166],"\u0643\u0644":[8],"\u0645\u0646":[9,19,115,122,185],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646":[10,126,138],"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a":[11],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a":[12],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a.":[13],"\u0648\u0641\u064a":[14,39],"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c":[15],"\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627":[16],"\u0639\u0646":[17,54,112],"\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647":[18],"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629":[20],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c":[21],"\u0644\u0645":[22],"\u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639":[23],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646":[25,114],"\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627":[26],"\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629":[27],"\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629":[28],"\u0645\u0645\u0627":[29],"\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d":[30],"\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627":[31],"\u0628\u0633\u062f":[33],"\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629":[34],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629":[36],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629":[37],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.":[38],"\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631":[40],"\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c":[41],"\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a":[42],"\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a":[43],"\u062a\u0645":[44],"\u0634\u0631\u062d":[45],"\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645":[46],"\u0647\u0630\u0627":[47,61],"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637":[48,62],"\u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f":[49],"\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647":[50],"\u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647":[51],"\u0645\u0639":[52,70,74,78,134],"\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0647":[53],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645":[55],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629.":[56],"\u0643\u0645\u0627":[57,80],"\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636":[58],"\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631":[60],"\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629":[64],"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635":[65],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629":[66],"\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647":[67],"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629":[69],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628":[71],"\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647":[72],"\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629":[73,77],"\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644":[75],"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0628.":[79],"\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644":[81],"\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629":[83],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629":[85],"\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c":[86],"\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627":[87],"\u062a\u0644\u0643":[88],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a":[89,140],"\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649":[90],"\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629":[91],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0629":[92],"\u0628\u0643\u0634\u0641.":[93],"\u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c":[94],"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641":[95],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c":[96],"\u0636\u0648\u0621":[98],"\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645":[99],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621":[100],"\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c":[101],"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c":[102],"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635":[103],"\u0623\u0648":[104,152,157,174],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626":[105],"\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0629":[106],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642":[107],"\u0644\u062d\u0644":[108],"\u0645\u0627":[109,190],"\u0642\u062f":[110],"\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623":[111],"\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a.":[116],"\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639":[117],"\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629":[118],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629":[120],"\u0648\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647":[121],"\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641\u0647":[123],"\u0639\u0644\u0649":[124],"\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b":[125],"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a":[127],"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646":[128],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a":[129],"\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646":[130],"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633":[131],"\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c":[132],"\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643":[133],"\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d":[135],"\u0628\u0639\u0636":[136],"\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645":[137],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a":[139],"\u062a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644":[141],"\u062d\u0643\u0645":[143],"\u0647\u0630\u0647":[144],"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u060c":[145],"\u0644\u0627":[146],"\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627":[147],"\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623":[148],"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631":[149],"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a":[150],"\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f":[151],"\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649":[153],"\u0631\u062f":[154],"\u063a\u064a\u0631":[155],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642":[156],"\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f":[158],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629":[159],"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.":[160],"\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c":[161],"\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a":[162],"\u0623\u0647\u0645":[163],"\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c":[164],"\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f":[167],"\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a":[168],"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641":[169],"\u0630\u0627\u062a":[170],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c":[171],"\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621":[172],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629":[173],"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c":[175],"\u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a":[176],"\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629":[177],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f":[178],"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629":[179],"\u0628\u0647\u0627":[180],"\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629":[181],"\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646":[182],"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646":[183],"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629":[184],"\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627":[186],"\u0643\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635":[187],"\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629":[188],"\u0648\u0647\u0648":[189],"\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a":[191],"\u0628\u0647":[192],"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}