{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414827809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.08228","title":"Three-dimensional imaging of individual carbon atoms","display_name":"Three-dimensional imaging of individual carbon atoms","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414827809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.08228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.08228","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.08228","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.08228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.08228","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101986209","display_name":"Na Yeon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3424-5965","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3424-5965"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Na Yeon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059895127","display_name":"Hanfeng Zhong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong, Hanfeng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651147","display_name":"Jianhua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-1220","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-1220"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jianhua","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084220742","display_name":"Colum M. O\u2019Leary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1899-5320","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1899-5320"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O'Leary, Colum M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088538121","display_name":"Yuxuan Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-1318","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-1318"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liao, Yuxuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009629448","display_name":"Ji Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-1153","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-1153"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zou, Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000877585","display_name":"Haozhi Sha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9543-923X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9543-923X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sha, Haozhi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031863609","display_name":"Minh Ph\u1ea1m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5019-6449","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5019-6449"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pham, Minh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707639","display_name":"Weiyi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9060-0883","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9060-0883"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Weiyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076905896","display_name":"Yakun Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7384-9767","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7384-9767"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan, Yakun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101684614","display_name":"Ji Hoon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-5206","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-5206","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7222-7306"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Park, Ji-Hoon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007758632","display_name":"Dennis S. Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5707-2609","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5707-2609"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim, Dennis","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072446962","display_name":"Huaidong Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0895-1690","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0895-1690"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Huaidong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075825851","display_name":"Jing Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0551-1208","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0551-1208","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0649-2232","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1943-1778"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kong, Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046838323","display_name":"Miaofang Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0764-1567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0764-1567"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi, Miaofang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013484038","display_name":"Jianwei Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4033-3945","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4033-3945"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao, Jianwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10857","display_name":"Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1315","display_name":"Structural Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10857","display_name":"Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1315","display_name":"Structural Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12039","display_name":"Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2508","display_name":"Surfaces, Coatings and Films"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11183","display_name":"Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/twisted-bilayer-graphene","display_name":"twisted bilayer graphene","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merons","display_name":"merons","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skyrmions","display_name":"skyrmions","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moire-engineering","display_name":"moir\u00e9 engineering","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/van-der-waals-forces","display_name":"van der Waals interactions","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomic-coordinates","display_name":"atomic coordinates","score":0.5540000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126061179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189627","display_name":"van der Waals force","level":3,"score":0.628600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.5494999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.5356000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143401881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4156171","display_name":"Bilayer graphene","level":3,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41999313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328","display_name":"Molecular physics","level":1,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124657808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133068","display_name":"Quantum dot","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86025842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5358432","display_name":"Electronic structure","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125485243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905186","display_name":"Electron density","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192157962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087243","display_name":"Bilayer","level":3,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59593255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663","display_name":"Molecular dynamics","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.08228","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.08228","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.08228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.08228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.08228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.08228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.08228","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.08228","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.08228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154360327","https://openalex.org/W2088312872","https://openalex.org/W3095893897","https://openalex.org/W2742985947","https://openalex.org/W4386893927","https://openalex.org/W4401005903","https://openalex.org/W3105833678","https://openalex.org/W2361418061","https://openalex.org/W2019582829","https://openalex.org/W3081208038"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Carbon":[0],"is":[1],"fundamental":[2],"to":[3,8,138],"science":[4],"and":[5,15,24,53,94,111,131,145],"technology":[6],"due":[7],"its":[9],"diverse":[10],"bonding":[11],"configurations,":[12],"structural":[13,96],"versatility,":[14],"essential":[16],"role":[17],"in":[18,114,140],"defining":[19],"the":[20,62,104],"mechanical,":[21],"chemical,":[22],"electronic,":[23],"quantum":[25],"properties":[26,113],"of":[27,34,66,73,129],"materials.":[28],"However,":[29],"direct":[30,101],"three-dimensional":[31],"(3D)":[32],"imaging":[33,128],"individual":[35,67],"carbon":[36,68,116],"atoms":[37,69],"remains":[38],"a":[39,50,71,122],"long-standing":[40],"challenge.":[41],"Here,":[42],"we":[43],"use":[44],"twisted":[45],"bilayer":[46],"graphene":[47],"(TBG)":[48],"as":[49],"model":[51,80],"system":[52],"demonstrate":[54],"ptychographic":[55],"atomic":[56,64,79],"electron":[57],"tomography":[58],"(pAET)":[59],"for":[60,125],"determining":[61],"3D":[63,78,107,126],"coordinates":[65],"with":[70],"precision":[72],"0.11":[74],"angstrom.":[75],"The":[76],"resulting":[77],"uncovers":[81],"chiral":[82,108],"lattice":[83,109],"distortions":[84],"driven":[85],"by":[86],"van":[87],"der":[88],"Waals":[89],"interactions":[90],"that":[91,135],"exhibit":[92],"meron-like":[93],"skyrmion-like":[95],"textures.":[97],"These":[98],"findings":[99],"provide":[100],"insight":[102],"into":[103],"interplay":[105],"between":[106],"deformation":[110],"electronic":[112],"moire-engineered":[115],"systems.":[117],"Beyond":[118],"TBG,":[119],"pAET":[120],"offers":[121],"versatile":[123],"approach":[124],"atomic-scale":[127],"carbon-based":[130],"other":[132],"light-element":[133],"materials":[134,143],"are":[136],"central":[137],"advances":[139],"physics,":[141],"chemistry,":[142],"science,":[144],"nanotechnology.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
