{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414810652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/ylsr-968q","title":"Beyond named methods: A typology of active learning based on classroom observation networks","display_name":"Beyond named methods: A typology of active learning based on classroom observation networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414810652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/ylsr-968q"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/ylsr-968q","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/ylsr-968q","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/ylsr-968q","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190682","display_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","issn_l":"2469-9896","issn":["2469-9896"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/ylsr-968q","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085482919","display_name":"Meagan Sundstrom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4105-215X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4105-215X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meagan Sundstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drexel University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4105-215X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drexel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033361065","display_name":"Justin Gambrell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4846-150X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4846-150X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Gambrell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4846-150X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Colin Green","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4307-2979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4307-2979"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102373834","display_name":"Bryn Mawr College","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjwtp51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102373834"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bryn Mawr College"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4307-2979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bryn Mawr College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102373834"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014682582","display_name":"Adrienne L. Traxler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2725-0686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2725-0686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrienne L. Traxler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Copenhagen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2725-0686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Copenhagen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079564582","display_name":"Eric T. Brewe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-7040","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-7040","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8504-6451"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Brewe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drexel University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-7040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drexel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2000},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2000},"fwci":25.1387,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99299457,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11526","display_name":"Innovative Teaching Methods","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11526","display_name":"Innovative Teaching Methods","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11039","display_name":"Evaluation of Teaching Practices","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"active learning","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/introductory-physics-education","display_name":"introductory physics education","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investigative-science-learning-environment","display_name":"Investigative Science Learning Environment","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-instruction","display_name":"peer instruction","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-up","display_name":"scale-up","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copus","display_name":"COPUS","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-work","display_name":"group work","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instructor-professional-development","display_name":"instructor professional development","score":0.6389999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.7835000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778208468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835684","display_name":"Clicker","level":2,"score":0.7458999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778714735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7160404","display_name":"Peer instruction","level":3,"score":0.629800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778679518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025969","display_name":"Dialogic","level":2,"score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5052000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51672120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303446","display_name":"Cooperative learning","level":3,"score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48164120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4491893","display_name":"Concept learning","level":2,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96427005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98442705","display_name":"Learning sciences","level":3,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138020889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349659","display_name":"Collaborative learning","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060990","display_name":"Problem-based learning","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/ylsr-968q","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/ylsr-968q","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/ylsr-968q","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190682","display_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","issn_l":"2469-9896","issn":["2469-9896"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/a05eee81-74f9-43ce-87fe-631df436e717","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/a05eee81-74f9-43ce-87fe-631df436e717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sundstrom, M, Gambrell, J, Green, C, Traxler, A L & Brewe, E 2026, 'Beyond named methods : A typology of active learning based on classroom observation networks', Physical Review Physics Education Research, vol. 22, no. 1, 010143. https://doi.org/10.1103/ylsr-968q","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.01124","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.01124","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.01124","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8cf3c29c6f5640a5ba7abb0d0dd567a2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8cf3c29c6f5640a5ba7abb0d0dd567a2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research, Vol 22, Iss 1, p 010143 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.01124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.01124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.01124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/ylsr-968q","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/ylsr-968q","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/ylsr-968q","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210190682","display_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","issn_l":"2469-9896","issn":["2469-9896"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Physics Education Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.975600004196167}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3104821694","display_name":"Collaborative Research: Further Characterizing Active Learning Environments in Physics","funder_award_id":"2111128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7612137867","display_name":"Collaborative Research: Further Characterizing Active Learning Environments in Physics","funder_award_id":"2111275","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310343","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414810652.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414810652.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206987770","https://openalex.org/W846581810","https://openalex.org/W1454949820","https://openalex.org/W1552315635","https://openalex.org/W1828483859","https://openalex.org/W1974170782","https://openalex.org/W1984399593","https://openalex.org/W1985858077","https://openalex.org/W1989229678","https://openalex.org/W1990365639","https://openalex.org/W1990731512","https://openalex.org/W1991739654","https://openalex.org/W1995788482","https://openalex.org/W1996937460","https://openalex.org/W2000620354","https://openalex.org/W2008785686","https://openalex.org/W2010593734","https://openalex.org/W2018145507","https://openalex.org/W2027540712","https://openalex.org/W2037557484","https://openalex.org/W2045997578","https://openalex.org/W2047405957","https://openalex.org/W2047940964","https://openalex.org/W2071703570","https://openalex.org/W2080367067","https://openalex.org/W2088007521","https://openalex.org/W2088596159","https://openalex.org/W2089928482","https://openalex.org/W2101084603","https://openalex.org/W2114609700","https://openalex.org/W2138682549","https://openalex.org/W2139842033","https://openalex.org/W2143120410","https://openalex.org/W2144464951","https://openalex.org/W2149991176","https://openalex.org/W2155317612","https://openalex.org/W2157345959","https://openalex.org/W2162188658","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2164998314","https://openalex.org/W2208011556","https://openalex.org/W2292124340","https://openalex.org/W2311038664","https://openalex.org/W2320395564","https://openalex.org/W2412793744","https://openalex.org/W2471687292","https://openalex.org/W2506382339","https://openalex.org/W2563877055","https://openalex.org/W2604946591","https://openalex.org/W2794769810","https://openalex.org/W2890201124","https://openalex.org/W2892004032","https://openalex.org/W2914889659","https://openalex.org/W2916433517","https://openalex.org/W2939853654","https://openalex.org/W2954236196","https://openalex.org/W2970912997","https://openalex.org/W2991388718","https://openalex.org/W3004067956","https://openalex.org/W3009483010","https://openalex.org/W3017670998","https://openalex.org/W3037711684","https://openalex.org/W3085656765","https://openalex.org/W3089637615","https://openalex.org/W3094630033","https://openalex.org/W3119024796","https://openalex.org/W3119918914","https://openalex.org/W3154222857","https://openalex.org/W3160963188","https://openalex.org/W3215763431","https://openalex.org/W4206216913","https://openalex.org/W4292451681","https://openalex.org/W4361289994","https://openalex.org/W4391541771","https://openalex.org/W4393560217","https://openalex.org/W4401328516","https://openalex.org/W4402271968","https://openalex.org/W4402272018","https://openalex.org/W4406117388","https://openalex.org/W4414080937","https://openalex.org/W4415600142","https://openalex.org/W4416014060"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4246042740","https://openalex.org/W7165659515","https://openalex.org/W7116946518","https://openalex.org/W7221803832","https://openalex.org/W3160963188","https://openalex.org/W4416014060","https://openalex.org/W2994527566","https://openalex.org/W3194358123","https://openalex.org/W408787988","https://openalex.org/W7096415960"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"growing":[1],"number":[2],"of":[3,37,42,65,79,96,106,122,166,187,222,230,267,269,295,343,353],"introductory":[4,131],"physics":[5,132,355],"instructors":[6,115,323],"are":[7,17,273],"implementing":[8],"active":[9,43,97,126,223,262,291,297],"learning":[10,44,98,127,224,263,298,312],"methods":[11,20,45,128,272,299,335],"in":[12,48,129,284,327,330],"their":[13,23,130],"classrooms,":[14],"and":[15,58,103,144,203,209,246,259,289,349],"they":[16,332],"modifying":[18],"these":[19,39,256,334,344],"to":[21,55,89,92,215,219],"fit":[22],"local":[24],"instructional":[25,107],"contexts.":[26],"However,":[27],"we":[28,84,287],"lack":[29],"a":[30,94,191,201,282],"detailed":[31],"framework":[32],"for":[33,174,346],"describing":[34],"the":[35,63,76,101,123,170,181,204,211,216,260,270,285,293,317,328,341,350],"range":[36],"what":[38],"instructor":[40,161],"adaptations":[41],"look":[46],"like":[47],"practice.":[49],"Existing":[50],"studies":[51],"apply":[52,85,210],"structured":[53],"protocols":[54],"classroom":[56,90,157,197,304],"observations":[57,91],"report":[59],"descriptive":[60],"statistics":[61],"(e.g.,":[62],"fraction":[64],"class":[66],"time":[67],"spent":[68],"on":[69],"each":[70,195,268],"activity),":[71],"but":[72],"this":[73,82],"approach":[74],"overlooks":[75],"complex":[77],"nature":[78,105],"instruction.":[80,225,305],"In":[81],"study,":[83],"network":[86,159,193,199,218],"analysis":[87],"techniques":[88],"define":[93],"typology":[95],"that":[99,162,309,322],"considers":[100],"temporal":[102,164],"interactional":[104],"practices.":[108],"We":[109,153,178,226,250,306,339],"analyze":[110],"video":[111],"data":[112],"from":[113],"30":[114],"at":[116],"27":[117],"institutions":[118],"who":[119],"implemented":[120],"one":[121,156],"following":[124],"named":[125,261],"or":[133],"astronomy":[134],"courses:":[135],"Investigative":[136],"Science":[137],"Learning":[138,147],"Environment":[139,148],"(ISLE),":[140],"Peer":[141],"Instruction,":[142],"Tutorials,":[143],"Student-Centered":[145],"Active":[146],"with":[149,239],"Upside-down":[150],"Pedagogies":[151],"(SCALE-UP).":[152],"first":[154],"create":[155,190],"observation":[158,188,198],"per":[160],"captures":[163],"sequences":[165],"activities":[167],"measured":[168],"using":[169],"Classroom":[171],"Observation":[172],"Protocol":[173],"Undergraduate":[175],"STEM":[176],"(COPUS).":[177],"then":[179],"calculate":[180],"cosine":[182,207],"similarity":[183,192,217],"between":[184,255],"all":[185],"pairs":[186],"networks,":[189],"where":[194],"instructor\u2019s":[196],"is":[200],"node":[202],"edges":[205],"represent":[206],"similarity,":[208],"Infomap":[212],"clustering":[213],"algorithm":[214],"identify":[220],"types":[221,229,258],"find":[227,251,308],"five":[228],"instruction:":[231],"clicker":[232,235],"lecture,":[233,236],"dialogic":[234,237],"lecture":[238],"short":[240,243],"groupwork":[241,244,248],"activities,":[242,245],"long":[247],"activities.":[249],"no":[252],"significant":[253],"relationship":[254],"instruction":[257,277,319],"methods;":[264],"instead,":[265],"implementations":[266],"four":[271],"spread":[274],"across":[275,316],"different":[276],"types.":[278],"This":[279],"result":[280],"prompts":[281],"shift":[283],"way":[286],"discuss":[288,340],"study":[290],"learning:":[292],"names":[294],"developed":[296],"may":[300,324],"not":[301,314],"actually":[302],"reflect":[303],"also":[307],"student":[310],"conceptual":[311],"does":[313],"vary":[315],"identified":[318],"types,":[320],"suggesting":[321],"be":[325],"flexible":[326],"style":[329],"which":[331],"implement":[333],"without":[336],"sacrificing":[337],"effectiveness.":[338],"implications":[342],"results":[345],"both":[347],"research":[348],"professional":[351],"development":[352],"college":[354],"instructors.":[356]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-10-04T00:00:00"}
