{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414798795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2025.3617878","title":"Optimized Multilayer PCB Litz Windings for Uniform Current Distribution and Reduced Loss","display_name":"Optimized Multilayer PCB Litz Windings for Uniform Current Distribution and Reduced Loss","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414798795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2025.3617878"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpel.2025.3617878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2025.3617878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2025.3617878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29875816","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics","issn_l":"0885-8993","issn":["0885-8993","1941-0107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021046110","display_name":"Zhangwei Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-9455","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-9455"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangwei Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Power Electronic Systems (CPES), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Center for Power Electronics System (CPES), Virginia Tech, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-9455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Power Electronic Systems (CPES), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Power Electronics System (CPES), Virginia Tech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5378-1424","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5378-1424"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Power Electronic Systems (CPES), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Center for Power Electronics System (CPES), Virginia Tech, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5378-1424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Power Electronic Systems (CPES), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Power Electronics System (CPES), Virginia Tech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6166,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83531395,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"2","first_page":"1611","last_page":"1616"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.8804000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.8804000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.06530000269412994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11444","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Noise Suppression","score":0.020400000736117363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-windings","display_name":"multilayer winding","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dc-resistance","display_name":"DC resistance","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ac-resistance","display_name":"AC resistance","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eddy-current-loss","display_name":"eddy current loss","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current-sharing","display_name":"current sharing","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/winding-configuration","display_name":"winding configuration","score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-frequency-power-conversion","display_name":"high-frequency power conversion","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductors","display_name":"inductors","score":0.49000000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.6722999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131357438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208598","display_name":"Eddy current","level":2,"score":0.6284999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.5910999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7943809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1977384","display_name":"Ampacity","level":3,"score":0.4447000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120793396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173350","display_name":"Printed circuit board","level":2,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61906436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225223","display_name":"Copper loss","level":3,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144534570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5325","display_name":"Inductor","level":3,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192690417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030817","display_name":"Busbar","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7252868","display_name":"Proximity effect (electron beam lithography)","level":5,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172100665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7465774","display_name":"Thermal conduction","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48987309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794683","display_name":"Bifilar coil","level":4,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151482245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664150","display_name":"Skin effect","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108882938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274506","display_name":"Uniform distribution (continuous)","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpel.2025.3617878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2025.3617878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2025.3617878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29875816","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics","issn_l":"0885-8993","issn":["0885-8993","1941-0107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606817064","https://openalex.org/W2063408626","https://openalex.org/W2129680563","https://openalex.org/W2793414376","https://openalex.org/W3034113168","https://openalex.org/W3049590271","https://openalex.org/W3184255070","https://openalex.org/W3200382599","https://openalex.org/W4317796366","https://openalex.org/W4390416362","https://openalex.org/W4391884048","https://openalex.org/W4407316756"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PCB":[0,15,59,121],"Litz":[1,60,122,127],"wire":[2,123],"is":[3,62,102],"a":[4,39,57],"promising":[5],"method":[6],"to":[7,26,41,64],"solve":[8],"the":[9,27,43,46,51,81,98,100],"high":[10,21],"eddy":[11],"loss":[12,24],"issue":[13],"in":[14,69,78,111,130],"windings.":[16],"However,":[17],"it":[18],"suffers":[19],"from":[20],"DC":[22],"conduction":[23],"due":[25],"existing":[28],"2-layer":[29],"integration":[30,61],"style":[31],"and":[32],"poor":[33],"flexibility.":[34],"This":[35],"paper":[36],"firstly":[37],"proposes":[38],"way":[40],"minimize":[42],"twists,":[44],"reducing":[45],"DCR":[47],"by":[48],"31%":[49],"with":[50,105,125],"same":[52],"AC":[53],"related":[54],"loss.":[55],"Furthermore,":[56],"multi-layer":[58],"proposed":[63,82],"realize":[65],"uniform":[66],"current":[67],"sharing":[68],"4":[70],"or":[71],"more":[72],"layers.":[73,116],"When":[74],"implementing":[75],"3":[76],"turns":[77,107],"12":[79],"layers,":[80],"design":[83],"has":[84],"at":[85,95],"least":[86],"43%":[87],"lower":[88],"ACR":[89],"than":[90],"other":[91],"capacity":[92],"enhancing":[93],"configurations":[94],"200kHz.":[96],"With":[97],"improvements,":[99],"flexibility":[101],"also":[103],"increased,":[104],"any":[106,112],"can":[108],"be":[109],"made":[110],"even":[113],"number":[114],"of":[115],"The":[117],"new":[118],"configuration":[119],"makes":[120],"competitive":[124],"traditional":[126],"wire,":[128],"especially":[129],"high-power":[131],"applications.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}