{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414769430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.30.679683","title":"SONIC: A Benchmarking Paradigm for Brain-Computer Interfaces","display_name":"SONIC: A Benchmarking Paradigm for Brain-Computer Interfaces","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414769430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.30.679683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.30.679683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.30.679683","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/10/02/2025.09.30.679683.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/10/02/2025.09.30.679683.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051010045","display_name":"Sean M. Perkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-4648","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-4648","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2001-5352"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean M. Perkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paradromics, Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-4648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paradromics, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046464963","display_name":"Michael Trumpis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3834-4437","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3834-4437"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Trumpis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paradromics, Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3834-4437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paradromics, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014691802","display_name":"Michael E. Reitman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9655-5390","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9655-5390"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael E. Reitman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paradromics, Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9655-5390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paradromics, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047051976","display_name":"Beata Jarosiewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1256-5634","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1256-5634","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-5721"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beata Jarosiewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paradromics, Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1256-5634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paradromics, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076599390","display_name":"Aashish N. Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7187-9169","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7187-9169"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aashish N. Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paradromics, Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7187-9169","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paradromics, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Adam Weiss","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Weiss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paradromics, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paradromics, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072875247","display_name":"Jacob W. Scott","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob W. Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paradromics, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paradromics, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009204814","display_name":"Kurtis A. Nishimura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-8922","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-8922"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurtis Nishimura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paradromics, Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-8922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paradromics, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033584350","display_name":"Matthew R. Angle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2601-7631","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2601-7631"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew R. Angle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paradromics, Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2601-7631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paradromics, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010772132","display_name":"Shaoyu Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-6704","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-6704"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoyu Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paradromics, Inc"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-6704","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paradromics, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044960129","display_name":"Vikash Gilja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0619-2686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0619-2686"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vikash Gilja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paradromics, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paradromics, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044960129"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.02199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-computer-interface","display_name":"brain-computer interface","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-transfer-rate","display_name":"information transfer rate","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-auditory-cortex","display_name":"primary auditory cortex","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracortical-microelectrode-arrays","display_name":"intracortical microelectrode arrays","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auditory-stimulation","display_name":"auditory stimulation","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"latency","score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-synthesis","display_name":"speech synthesis","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preclinical-evaluation","display_name":"preclinical evaluation","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sheep-model","display_name":"sheep model","score":0.7720000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.8151999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7114999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.6826000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4936000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8854915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4350200","display_name":"Information transfer","level":2,"score":0.4431000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81299745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334269","display_name":"Transfer function","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.30.679683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.30.679683","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/10/02/2025.09.30.679683.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.09.30.679683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.30.679683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.30.679683","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/10/02/2025.09.30.679683.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414769430.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414769430.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1947089506","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2035260940","https://openalex.org/W2040565978","https://openalex.org/W2087704839","https://openalex.org/W2114004602","https://openalex.org/W2144910141","https://openalex.org/W2148986322","https://openalex.org/W2171431653","https://openalex.org/W2223658335","https://openalex.org/W2243428647","https://openalex.org/W2341256599","https://openalex.org/W2549587034","https://openalex.org/W2589952473","https://openalex.org/W2603380332","https://openalex.org/W2634660312","https://openalex.org/W2770306141","https://openalex.org/W2788344808","https://openalex.org/W2891509242","https://openalex.org/W2900461699","https://openalex.org/W2901154643","https://openalex.org/W2954124637","https://openalex.org/W2968841917","https://openalex.org/W2971775690","https://openalex.org/W2991284028","https://openalex.org/W2994759465","https://openalex.org/W2997703982","https://openalex.org/W3014049597","https://openalex.org/W3037815399","https://openalex.org/W3083554171","https://openalex.org/W3103849663","https://openalex.org/W3144365080","https://openalex.org/W3161343553","https://openalex.org/W4225165486","https://openalex.org/W4319034119","https://openalex.org/W4362648558","https://openalex.org/W4377245549","https://openalex.org/W4377982165","https://openalex.org/W4378980559","https://openalex.org/W4384651987","https://openalex.org/W4384700525","https://openalex.org/W4386091044","https://openalex.org/W4386100600","https://openalex.org/W4389054150","https://openalex.org/W4391715150","https://openalex.org/W4400271414","https://openalex.org/W4401560881","https://openalex.org/W4401561116","https://openalex.org/W4402316339","https://openalex.org/W4406602103","https://openalex.org/W4408185406","https://openalex.org/W4408667380","https://openalex.org/W4409148785","https://openalex.org/W4409791683","https://openalex.org/W4411240941","https://openalex.org/W4414040502","https://openalex.org/W4414065552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214999255","https://openalex.org/W7043066596","https://openalex.org/W4405491321","https://openalex.org/W2132876794","https://openalex.org/W188171144","https://openalex.org/W7222837109","https://openalex.org/W2557864086","https://openalex.org/W3109832790","https://openalex.org/W4386091044","https://openalex.org/W2093615108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Brain-computer":[1],"interfaces":[2],"(BCIs)":[3],"can":[4],"restore":[5],"function":[6],"for":[7,64,244,268,292],"individuals":[8],"with":[9,22,149,164,221],"neuro-logical":[10],"disorders":[11],"and":[12,99,118,167,227,271],"have":[13],"the":[14,18,26,40,46,58,85,97,111,122,145,150,198,210,245,253,274,278,303],"potential":[15],"to":[16,54,70,83,176,203,281,301],"transform":[17],"way":[19],"people":[20],"interact":[21],"digital":[23],"systems.":[24],"However,":[25],"development":[27],"of":[28,45,60,90,137,189,214,231,255,305],"advanced":[29,284],"BCI":[30,66,92,100,201,269,276,294],"applications,":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33,101],"fluent":[34],"speech":[35,260],"synthesis,":[36],"is":[37,108,197,219],"dependent":[38],"on":[39,180],"underlying":[41],"information":[42,86,107,212],"transfer":[43,87],"capacity":[44],"physical":[47],"neural":[48,123,142,172,181,224],"interface":[49],"employed.":[50],"A":[51,170],"significant":[52],"barrier":[53],"progress":[55],"has":[56],"been":[57],"lack":[59],"standardized,":[61],"application-agnostic":[62],"methods":[63],"benchmarking":[65,80],"system":[67,158,298],"performance":[68,270],"prior":[69],"clinical":[71],"trials.":[72],"Here,":[73],"we":[74],"introduce":[75],"SONIC,":[76],"a":[77,91,102,155,222,265,289],"novel":[78],"preclinical":[79,293],"paradigm":[81,95,128],"designed":[82],"evaluate":[84],"rate":[88,208],"(ITR)":[89],"system.":[93],"This":[94,217,262,286],"treats":[96],"brain":[98,112],"noisy":[103],"communication":[104],"channel,":[105],"where":[106],"sent":[109],"into":[110],"via":[113],"precisely":[114],"controlled":[115],"sensory":[116],"stimuli":[117],"read":[119],"out":[120],"by":[121,133],"interface.":[124],"We":[125],"implemented":[126],"this":[127,207],"in":[129],"an":[130,186],"ovine":[131],"model":[132],"presenting":[134],"rapid":[135],"sequences":[136],"pure":[138],"tones":[139,178],"while":[140],"recording":[141],"activity":[143],"from":[144],"primary":[146],"auditory":[147],"cortex":[148],"Paradromics":[151],"Connexus":[152,275],"\u00a9":[153],"BCI,":[154],"fully":[156],"implanted":[157],"utilizing":[159],"high-density":[160],"intracortical":[161],"micro-electrode":[162],"arrays":[163],"wireless":[165],"power":[166],"data":[168,228],"transmission.":[169],"convolutional":[171],"network":[173],"was":[174],"used":[175],"decode":[177],"based":[179],"features.":[182],"Our":[183],"results":[184],"demonstrate":[185],"achieved":[187,220],"ITR":[188,202,218,238],"over":[190],"200":[191],"bits":[192],"per":[193],"second":[194],"(bps),":[195],"which":[196],"highest":[199],"reported":[200],"date.":[204],"For":[205],"reference,":[206],"exceeds":[209],"linguistic":[211],"content":[213],"human":[215],"speech.":[216],"total":[223,247],"interface,":[225],"filtering,":[226],"aggregation":[229],"delay":[230,248],"56":[232],"milliseconds.":[233],"Further":[234],"analysis":[235],"demonstrated":[236],"that":[237,273],"remains":[239],"high":[240],"(>":[241],"100":[242],"bps)":[243],"lowest":[246],"tested":[249],"(11":[250],"ms),":[251],"supporting":[252],"needs":[254],"latency-sensitive":[256],"applications":[257],"(e.g.,":[258],"direct":[259],"synthesis).":[261],"work":[263],"establishes":[264],"new":[266],"benchmark":[267,287],"demonstrates":[272],"possesses":[277],"bandwidth":[279],"necessary":[280],"support":[282],"highly":[283],"applications.":[285],"provides":[288],"robust":[290],"framework":[291],"evaluation,":[295],"enabling":[296],"principled":[297],"design":[299],"optimization":[300],"accelerate":[302],"translation":[304],"next-generation":[306],"neurotechnology.":[307]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
