{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414760941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.04852","title":"Diffusion Secant Alignment for Score-Based Density Ratio Estimation","display_name":"Diffusion Secant Alignment for Score-Based Density Ratio Estimation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414760941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.04852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.04852","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.04852","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.04852","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.04852","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603872","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5994-1276","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5994-1276","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7311-7563"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111252812","display_name":"Shigui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2606-3600","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2606-3600"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Shigui","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403775","display_name":"Jiacheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-9139","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-9139"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Jiacheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101031423","display_name":"Jian Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu, Jian","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111321072","display_name":"Zhiqi Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4158-3524","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4158-3524"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin, Zhiqi","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101795525","display_name":"Junmei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9677-0768","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9677-0768"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Junmei","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005221942","display_name":"Delu Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7322-1873","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7322-1873"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeng, Delu","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110662445","display_name":"John William Paisley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4890-8230","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4890-8230"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paisley, John","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083182987","display_name":"Qibin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-3182","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-3182"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110652","display_name":"RIKEN","ror":"https://ror.org/01sjwvz98","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110652"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao, Qibin","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIP , RIKEN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIP , RIKEN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110652"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.18619999289512634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.18619999289512634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.11909999698400497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.11800000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/density-ratio-estimation","display_name":"density ratio estimation","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/score-based-models","display_name":"score-based models","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-models","display_name":"diffusion models","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance-reduction","display_name":"variance reduction","score":0.5910000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138187205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131251","display_name":"Tangent","level":2,"score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.7153000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6481000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93926214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915286","display_name":"Secant method","level":4,"score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91229774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193885","display_name":"Infinitesimal","level":2,"score":0.5351999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.5005999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157157409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909601","display_name":"Tangent space","level":2,"score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68827188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674533","display_name":"Inverse trigonometric functions","level":2,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189508267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17088227","display_name":"Density estimation","level":3,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47890412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1179296","display_name":"Tangent vector","level":3,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.04852","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.04852","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.04852","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.04852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.04852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.04852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.04852","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.04852","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.04852","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414760941.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414760941.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123168458","https://openalex.org/W4297808394"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154331287","https://openalex.org/W7127317707","https://openalex.org/W4416556559","https://openalex.org/W3216699168","https://openalex.org/W4407186376","https://openalex.org/W4392090196","https://openalex.org/W4417356274","https://openalex.org/W3036122622","https://openalex.org/W4415024564","https://openalex.org/W6942485945"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Estimating":[0],"density":[1],"ratios":[2],"has":[3],"become":[4],"increasingly":[5],"important":[6],"with":[7,57,144],"the":[8,54,61,64,71,93,96,106,157],"recent":[9],"rise":[10],"of":[11],"score-based":[12,47],"and":[13,31,78,84,117,120,136,154],"diffusion-inspired":[14],"methods.":[15],"However,":[16],"current":[17],"tangent-based":[18],"approaches":[19],"rely":[20],"on":[21],"a":[22,46,74,86],"high-variance":[23],"learning":[24,65,102],"objective,":[25],"which":[26],"leads":[27],"to":[28,111,125],"unstable":[29],"training":[30],"costly":[32],"numerical":[33],"integration":[34],"during":[35],"inference.":[36],"We":[37,67],"propose":[38],"\\textit{Interval-annealed":[39],"Secant":[40],"Alignment":[41,108],"Density":[42],"Ratio":[43],"Estimation":[44],"(ISA-DRE)},":[45],"framework":[48],"along":[49],"diffusion":[50],"interpolants":[51],"that":[52,70,91],"replaces":[53],"instantaneous":[55],"tangent":[56,94,118],"its":[58],"interval":[59],"integral,":[60],"secant,":[62],"as":[63,95],"target.":[66],"show":[68],"theoretically":[69],"secant":[72,101,116],"is":[73],"provably":[75],"lower":[76],"variance":[77],"smoother":[79],"target":[80],"for":[81],"neural":[82],"approximation,":[83],"also":[85],"strictly":[87],"more":[88],"general":[89],"representation":[90],"contains":[92],"infinitesimal":[97],"limit.":[98],"To":[99],"make":[100],"feasible,":[103],"we":[104],"introduce":[105],"\\textit{Secant":[107],"Identity":[109],"(SAI)}":[110],"enforce":[112],"self":[113],"consistency":[114],"between":[115],"representations,":[119],"\\textit{Contraction":[121],"Interval":[122],"Annealing":[123],"(CIA)}":[124],"ensure":[126],"stable":[127],"convergence.":[128],"Empirically,":[129],"this":[130],"stability-first":[131],"formulation":[132],"produces":[133],"high":[134],"efficiency":[135],"accuracy.":[137],"ISA-DRE":[138],"achieves":[139],"comparable":[140],"or":[141],"superior":[142],"results":[143],"fewer":[145],"function":[146],"evaluations,":[147],"demonstrating":[148],"robustness":[149],"under":[150],"large":[151],"distribution":[152],"discrepancies":[153],"effectively":[155],"mitigating":[156],"density-chasm":[158],"problem.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}