{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414416411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547505/v1","title":"Bradycardia Risk Associated with Intravenous Dexmedetomidine: A Retrospective Study of Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients (BRAID)","display_name":"Bradycardia Risk Associated with Intravenous Dexmedetomidine: A Retrospective Study of Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients (BRAID)","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414416411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547505/v1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41041582","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12486071"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547505/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547505/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547505/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7547505/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7547505/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013962162","display_name":"Albahi M. Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-3548","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-3548"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albahi Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University School of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Navya Ramesh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navya Ramesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University School of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012550644","display_name":"Craig M. Coopersmith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2400-3217","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2400-3217"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig M. Coopersmith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112894063","display_name":"Jonathan Sevransky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Sevransky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University School of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075412880","display_name":"Sivasubramanium V. Bhavani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9640-6720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9640-6720"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sivasubramanium V. Bhavani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University School of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10436","display_name":"Anesthesia and Sedative Agents","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10436","display_name":"Anesthesia and Sedative Agents","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10867","display_name":"Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders","score":0.015399999916553497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dexmedetomidine","display_name":"dexmedetomidine","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bradycardia","display_name":"bradycardia","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alpha-2-adrenergic-agonists","display_name":"alpha-2 adrenergic agonists","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-ventilation","display_name":"mechanical ventilation","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icu-sedation","display_name":"intensive care unit sedation","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-hospital-mortality","display_name":"in-hospital mortality","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-disease","display_name":"liver disease","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia","display_name":"dementia","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cerebrovascular-disease","display_name":"cerebrovascular disease","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"cancer","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congestive-heart-failure","display_name":"congestive heart failure","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myocardial-infarction","display_name":"myocardial infarction","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-cardiovascular-events","display_name":"cardiovascular adverse events","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critically-ill-patients","display_name":"critically ill patients","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacovigilance","display_name":"pharmacovigilance","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777495988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217111","display_name":"Bradycardia","level":4,"score":0.7800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991859549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Critically ill","level":2,"score":0.7342000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.6305000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.5759000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647","display_name":"Intensive care unit","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993568657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Critical illness","level":3,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.2506999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547505/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547505/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547505/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7547505/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:41041582","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41041582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Research square","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12486071","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12486071/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Res Sq","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11297973","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12486071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547505/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547505/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7547505/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7547505/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000887716","display_name":"Critical Care Training Program","funder_award_id":"T32GM095442","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414416411.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414416411.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993435783","https://openalex.org/W2041322579","https://openalex.org/W2042296117","https://openalex.org/W2082311304","https://openalex.org/W2135672238","https://openalex.org/W2394654375","https://openalex.org/W2511614165","https://openalex.org/W2576234460","https://openalex.org/W2885896746"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313220514","https://openalex.org/W4414334838","https://openalex.org/W2332026173","https://openalex.org/W4415982905","https://openalex.org/W7171785534","https://openalex.org/W2987326678","https://openalex.org/W2071707904","https://openalex.org/W3210783208","https://openalex.org/W4410598953","https://openalex.org/W2561112820"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Dexmedetomidine":[2],"is":[3,20],"a":[4,77,107,282],"selective":[5],"\u03b12-adrenergic":[6],"agonist":[7],"commonly":[8],"used":[9],"for":[10,64,91,154,222,273],"sedation":[11,92],"in":[12,96,294,301],"intensive":[13],"care":[14],"units":[15],"(ICUs).":[16],"While":[17],"effective,":[18],"it":[19],"associated":[21,231,325],"with":[22,232,245,326],"cardiovascular":[23],"side":[24,53],"effects,":[25],"particularly":[26],"bradycardia":[27,66,136,155,188,227,246,257,284,299,321],"that":[28],"may":[29,323],"limit":[30],"its":[31,69],"use.":[32],"Concerns":[33],"about":[34],"bradycardia-related":[35],"complications":[36],"often":[37],"influence":[38,313],"clinical":[39,49,72,138],"decision-making":[40],"regarding":[41],"dexmedetomidine":[42,90,119,278],"dosing":[43],"and":[44,67,88,131,137,178,198,219,224,280],"monitoring,":[45],"yet":[46],"the":[47,133,314],"true":[48],"significance":[50],"of":[51,187,251,286,304,316],"this":[52],"effect":[54],"remains":[55],"unclear.":[56],"This":[57],"study":[58,80],"aimed":[59],"to":[60,126,254],"identify":[61,127],"risk":[62,129,152,186,315],"factors":[63,130,153],"dexmedetomidine-associated":[65,320],"evaluate":[68],"impact":[70],"on":[71],"outcomes.":[73,328],"Methods":[74],"We":[75],"conducted":[76],"retrospective":[78],"cohort":[79],"involving":[81],"adult":[82],"patients":[83,306],"who":[84],"were":[85,209],"mechanically":[86],"ventilated":[87],"received":[89],"across":[93],"12":[94],"ICUs":[95],"4":[97],"hospitals":[98],"under":[99],"one":[100],"hospital":[101,233],"system.":[102],"Bradycardia":[103],"was":[104,124,228],"defined":[105],"as":[106],"heart":[108,191,275,287],"rate":[109,276,288],"below":[110],"60":[111],"beats":[112],"per":[113],"minute":[114],"within":[115],"24":[116],"hours":[117],"after":[118,220],"administration.":[120],"Multivariable":[121],"logistic":[122],"regression":[123],"employed":[125],"independent":[128],"assess":[132],"association":[134],"between":[135,211],"outcomes,":[139],"including":[140],"inpatient":[141],"mortality.":[142],"Results":[143],"Among":[144],"5,106":[145],"patients,":[146],"1,143":[147],"(22.4%)":[148],"developed":[149],"bradycardia.":[150],"Independent":[151],"included":[156,189],"moderate/severe":[157],"liver":[158],"disease":[159,172],"(OR":[160,166,173,180,193,201],"1.87,":[161],"95%":[162,168,175,182,195,203,238],"CI":[163,169,176,183,196,204,239],"1.42\u20132.47),":[164],"dementia":[165],"1.67,":[167],"1.21\u20132.31),":[170],"cerebrovascular":[171],"1.32,":[174],"1.15\u20131.51),":[177],"cancer":[179],"1.25,":[181],"1.06\u20131.47).":[184],"Lower":[185],"congestive":[190],"failure":[192],"0.71,":[194],"0.63\u20130.80)":[197],"myocardial":[199],"infarction":[200],"0.73,":[202],"0.63\u20130.85).":[205],"Crude":[206],"mortality":[207,234],"rates":[208],"similar":[210,295],"groups":[212],"(11.4%":[213],"vs.":[214,261],"10.2%,":[215],"p":[216,241,266],"=":[217,242,267],"0.297),":[218],"adjustment":[221],"age":[223],"illness":[225],"severity,":[226],"not":[229,324],"independently":[230],"(adjusted":[235],"OR":[236],"0.99,":[237],"0.79\u20131.23,":[240],"0.915).":[243],"Patients":[244],"had":[247],"shorter":[248],"ICU":[249,305],"length":[250],"stay":[252],"compared":[253],"those":[255],"without":[256],"(10.4":[258],"\u00b1":[259,263],"10.1":[260],"10.8":[262],"10.6":[264],"days,":[265],"0.012).":[268],"A":[269],"sensitivity":[270],"analysis":[271],"adjusting":[272],"minimum":[274],"before":[277],"initiation":[279],"using":[281],"stricter":[283],"definition":[285],"less":[289],"than":[290],"50":[291],"bpm,":[292],"resulted":[293],"findings.":[296],"Conclusions":[297],"Dexmedetomidine-associated":[298],"occurs":[300],"approximately":[302],"one-quarter":[303],"at":[307],"out":[308],"institution.":[309],"Specific":[310],"comorbidities":[311],"significantly":[312],"developing":[317],"bradycardia,":[318],"but":[319],"itself":[322],"worse":[327]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
