{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414323402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70110","title":"Optimal Rain Gauge Network: A Data\u2010Driven Design for Enhanced Precision in Rainfall Measurements Over Northwest Himalayas","display_name":"Optimal Rain Gauge Network: A Data\u2010Driven Design for Enhanced Precision in Rainfall Measurements Over Northwest Himalayas","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414323402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70110"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/joc.70110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32061424","display_name":"International Journal of Climatology","issn_l":"0899-8418","issn":["0899-8418","1097-0088"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Climatology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039410959","display_name":"Ankur Suri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9243-2879","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9243-2879"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9579091","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Mandi","ror":"https://ror.org/05r9r2f34","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9579091"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankur Suri","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology University of Washington Tacoma  Tacoma Washington USA","School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Mandi  Mandi India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology University of Washington Tacoma  Tacoma Washington USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Mandi  Mandi India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9579091"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013425291","display_name":"Sarita Azad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-3736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-3736"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9579091","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Mandi","ror":"https://ror.org/05r9r2f34","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9579091"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarita Azad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Mandi  Mandi India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-3736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Mandi  Mandi India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9579091"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080693761","display_name":"Yan Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5046-8125","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5046-8125"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150356","display_name":"University of Washington Tacoma","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8t2628","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology University of Washington Tacoma  Tacoma Washington USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology University of Washington Tacoma  Tacoma Washington USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150356"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013425291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9579091"],"apc_list":{"value":3920,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3920},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9338,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69960617,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"14","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14427","display_name":"Environmental Monitoring and Data Management","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rain-gauge-network-design","display_name":"rain gauge network design","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-measurement","display_name":"rainfall measurement","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-patterns","display_name":"rainfall patterns","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-time-warping","display_name":"dynamic time warping","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-monitoring","display_name":"rainfall monitoring","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/himachal-pradesh","display_name":"Himachal Pradesh","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-western-himalayas","display_name":"northwestern Himalaya","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloudbursts","display_name":"cloudbursts","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-homogeneity","display_name":"rainfall homogeneity","score":0.367000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120961793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190052","display_name":"Rain gauge","level":3,"score":0.8183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6955999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5228000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40976572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330873","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126691448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134295995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1506685","display_name":"Orographic lift","level":3,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983795465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7925","display_name":"Rain rate","level":3,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205537798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277161","display_name":"Extreme weather","level":3,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157202957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659609","display_name":"Image warping","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993336609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11663","display_name":"Weather patterns","level":3,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194507410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901704","display_name":"Orography","level":3,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147947694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837552","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/joc.70110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70110","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.70110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32061424","display_name":"International Journal of Climatology","issn_l":"0899-8418","issn":["0899-8418","1097-0088"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Climatology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4943999946117401,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518920518","https://openalex.org/W1544752055","https://openalex.org/W1557155701","https://openalex.org/W1652332515","https://openalex.org/W1680622244","https://openalex.org/W1821153150","https://openalex.org/W1964264838","https://openalex.org/W1970966350","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1989123991","https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W2012966455","https://openalex.org/W2039858714","https://openalex.org/W2054593957","https://openalex.org/W2089279522","https://openalex.org/W2090217777","https://openalex.org/W2106835336","https://openalex.org/W2127170577","https://openalex.org/W2138644576","https://openalex.org/W2167313701","https://openalex.org/W2416558612","https://openalex.org/W2461844099","https://openalex.org/W2560566315","https://openalex.org/W2595615092","https://openalex.org/W2739782441","https://openalex.org/W3023243647","https://openalex.org/W4235492452","https://openalex.org/W4286544485","https://openalex.org/W4303983291","https://openalex.org/W4306923143","https://openalex.org/W4309838594","https://openalex.org/W4316469762","https://openalex.org/W4322754658","https://openalex.org/W4361007388","https://openalex.org/W4389682804","https://openalex.org/W4391577467","https://openalex.org/W4399345582","https://openalex.org/W4399671561"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"In":[1,33,107,241],"hydrological":[2],"research,":[3],"the":[4,11,29,38,52,57,61,104,131,140,182,210,221,232,246,264],"development":[5],"of":[6,13,43,56,83,100,181,196,213,220,255,267],"accurate":[7],"prediction":[8],"models":[9],"necessitates":[10],"establishment":[12],"intricate":[14],"rain":[15,44,91,170,200,214,222],"gauge":[16,92,171,201],"networks.":[17],"This":[18,203,224],"prerequisite":[19],"is":[20],"especially":[21],"pronounced":[22],"in":[23,50,72,80,103,157,173,230],"geographically":[24],"challenging":[25],"regions,":[26],"such":[27,34,116],"as":[28,117],"Northwestern":[30],"Himalayas":[31],"(NWH).":[32],"topographically":[35],"complex":[36,127],"areas,":[37,190],"configuration":[39],"and":[40,54,85,114,122,188,217,236,263],"spatial":[41],"density":[42],"gauges":[45],"play":[46],"a":[47,193,253],"pivotal":[48],"role":[49],"shaping":[51],"reliability":[53],"accuracy":[55],"collected":[58],"data.":[59,134],"Over":[60],"past":[62,141],"few":[63],"decades,":[64,143],"this":[65,108],"region":[66],"has":[67,245],"witnessed":[68],"an":[69,89],"unprecedented":[70],"surge":[71],"extreme":[73],"localised":[74],"weather":[75],"events,":[76],"like":[77],"cloudburst,":[78],"resulting":[79],"catastrophic":[81],"loss":[82],"lives":[84],"livelihoods.":[86],"We":[87],"designed":[88,192],"optimal":[90,211],"network":[93,194,204],"that":[94],"would":[95],"provide":[96],"significantly":[97],"better":[98],"sampling":[99],"rainfall":[101,133,151,164,179,238],"patterns":[102,129,154],"study":[105],"region.":[106],"work,":[109],"we":[110,144,167,191],"utilise":[111],"advanced":[112,235],"techniques":[113],"methodologies,":[115],"dynamic":[118],"time":[119],"warping":[120],"(DTW)":[121],"neural":[123],"networks,":[124],"to":[125,148,177,208,248],"extract":[126],"underlying":[128],"from":[130],"historical":[132,136],"Leveraging":[135],"meteorological":[137],"data":[138,180],"spanning":[139],"four":[142],"employed":[145],"data\u2010driven":[146],"analyses":[147],"unveil":[149],"discernible":[150],"patterns.":[152],"These":[153],"were":[155],"instrumental":[156],"identifying":[158],"geographical":[159],"regions":[160],"characterised":[161],"by":[162],"analogous":[163],"trends.":[165],"Subsequently,":[166],"engineered":[168],"tailored":[169],"networks":[172],"these":[174],"identified":[175,199],"areas":[176],"acquire":[178],"highest":[183],"precision.":[184],"For":[185],"Himachal":[186],"Pradesh":[187],"adjoining":[189],"consisting":[195],"50":[197],"strategically":[198],"locations.":[202],"was":[205],"carefully":[206],"evaluated":[207],"ensure":[209],"number":[212],"gauges,":[215],"placement,":[216],"overall":[218],"quality":[219],"gauges.":[223],"innovative":[225],"approach":[226],"holds":[227],"significant":[228],"promise":[229],"laying":[231],"groundwork":[233],"for":[234,252],"reliable":[237],"monitoring":[239],"systems.":[240],"doing":[242],"so,":[243],"it":[244],"potential":[247],"yield":[249],"substantial":[250],"benefits":[251],"multitude":[254],"stakeholders,":[256],"including":[257],"local":[258],"communities,":[259],"agriculture,":[260],"infrastructure":[261],"development,":[262],"overarching":[265],"goals":[266],"environmental":[268],"sustainability.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
