{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414321663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043659","title":"Evaluation of Monin\u2010Obukhov Similarity Theory Wind Profiles in Convective Storm Environments and Cold Pools at the ARM Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Observatory","display_name":"Evaluation of Monin\u2010Obukhov Similarity Theory Wind Profiles in Convective Storm Environments and Cold Pools at the ARM Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Observatory","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414321663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025jd043659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043659","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jesse Castillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9081-6710","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9081-6710"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jesse Castillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of the Earth, Atmosphere, and Climate Iowa State University  Ames IA USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9081-6710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of the Earth, Atmosphere, and Climate Iowa State University  Ames IA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087800875","display_name":"Ian N. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0355-1310","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0355-1310"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ian N. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of the Earth, Atmosphere, and Climate Iowa State University  Ames IA USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0355-1310","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of the Earth, Atmosphere, and Climate Iowa State University  Ames IA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087800875"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"apc_paid":{"value":4070,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4070},"fwci":0.9338,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69951564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"130","issue":"18","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10360","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monin-obukhov-similarity-theory","display_name":"Monin-Obukhov similarity theory","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-profiles","display_name":"wind profiles","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convective-storms","display_name":"convective storms","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-pools","display_name":"cold pools","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gust-fronts","display_name":"gust fronts","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-shear","display_name":"wind shear","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-layer-stability","display_name":"surface layer stability","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesoscale-convective-systems","display_name":"mesoscale convective systems","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thunderstorms","display_name":"thunderstorms","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-fluxes","display_name":"surface fluxes","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fair-weather-conditions","display_name":"fair weather conditions","score":0.625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192932206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16951299","display_name":"Convective storm detection","level":3,"score":0.743399977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89298926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374640","display_name":"Atmospheric instability","level":3,"score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10899652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160329","display_name":"Convection","level":2,"score":0.5670999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.552299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.5291000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135558025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027878","display_name":"Wind shear","level":3,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92624490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210316","display_name":"Cold front","level":2,"score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194171494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5500209","display_name":"Free convective layer","level":3,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200711233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931652","display_name":"Atmospheric convection","level":3,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155491033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3268911","display_name":"Convective instability","level":3,"score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40382383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2399824","display_name":"Mesoscale meteorology","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86338904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757268","display_name":"Planetary boundary layer","level":3,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182243455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129351","display_name":"Convective inhibition","level":5,"score":0.3294000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28475054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2721218","display_name":"Thermal wind","level":4,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199641428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760765","display_name":"Potential temperature","level":2,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139992725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380656","display_name":"Entrainment (biomusicology)","level":3,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61939431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129355","display_name":"Convective available potential energy","level":3,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60718061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414747","display_name":"Momentum (technical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779919027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62832","display_name":"Observatory","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C607359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845339","display_name":"Atmospheric temperature","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187460315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741507","display_name":"Severe weather","level":3,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332","display_name":"Front (military)","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35187779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5336709","display_name":"Eddy covariance","level":3,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780063094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752193","display_name":"Convective Boundary Layer","level":4,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147947694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837552","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192943249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1893382","display_name":"Stratification (seeds)","level":5,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133204551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838305","display_name":"Weather Research and Forecasting Model","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150284090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2615451","display_name":"Atmospheric circulation","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107775477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057900","display_name":"Wind direction","level":3,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025jd043659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/2025jd043659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jd043659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207178839","display_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres","issn_l":"0148-0227","issn":["0148-0227","2156-2202","2169-897X","2169-8996"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5351999998092651,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3557061389","display_name":"INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CLOUDS AND WIND-DRIVEN SURFACE HEAT EXCHANGES OVER LAND","funder_award_id":"DESC0022047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10507261","https://openalex.org/W136534545","https://openalex.org/W625327783","https://openalex.org/W1969451133","https://openalex.org/W1980232958","https://openalex.org/W1988589244","https://openalex.org/W1990282076","https://openalex.org/W1998371441","https://openalex.org/W2018182103","https://openalex.org/W2027748823","https://openalex.org/W2028841656","https://openalex.org/W2050728582","https://openalex.org/W2053890797","https://openalex.org/W2054652327","https://openalex.org/W2063363230","https://openalex.org/W2066433058","https://openalex.org/W2066609560","https://openalex.org/W2073843575","https://openalex.org/W2076198835","https://openalex.org/W2079246256","https://openalex.org/W2080881057","https://openalex.org/W2086762228","https://openalex.org/W2095029195","https://openalex.org/W2105187327","https://openalex.org/W2139628290","https://openalex.org/W2143375347","https://openalex.org/W2154534159","https://openalex.org/W2172818796","https://openalex.org/W2232421739","https://openalex.org/W2295614479","https://openalex.org/W2314300163","https://openalex.org/W2486895892","https://openalex.org/W2525630354","https://openalex.org/W2791234353","https://openalex.org/W2794421859","https://openalex.org/W2803087554","https://openalex.org/W2883412419","https://openalex.org/W2893879413","https://openalex.org/W2935666247","https://openalex.org/W2947838060","https://openalex.org/W2968780500","https://openalex.org/W2980593233","https://openalex.org/W3016289855","https://openalex.org/W3111798709","https://openalex.org/W3160988026","https://openalex.org/W3161190226","https://openalex.org/W3185822169","https://openalex.org/W3196956839","https://openalex.org/W4205320026","https://openalex.org/W4206172687","https://openalex.org/W4220678483","https://openalex.org/W4225003908","https://openalex.org/W4249275087","https://openalex.org/W4298075644","https://openalex.org/W4306178724","https://openalex.org/W4309108570","https://openalex.org/W4324346242","https://openalex.org/W4389518064","https://openalex.org/W4403657011","https://openalex.org/W6902689068"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Monin\u2010Obukhov":[1],"similarity":[2],"theory":[3,107],"(MOST)":[4],"is":[5,24],"widely":[6],"used":[7,54],"in":[8,41,76,98,102,111,126,138,147,173],"numerical":[9],"weather":[10],"prediction":[11,39,167],"to":[12,38,71,123,165],"model":[13],"surface":[14,169],"fluxes":[15,146,172],"of":[16,28,50,84,135,144,168],"momentum,":[17],"heat,":[18],"and":[19,31,42,56,78,88,156,161,171],"water":[20],"vapor.":[21],"However,":[22],"MOST":[23,73,91,128],"based":[25],"on":[26],"assumptions":[27],"steady":[29],"state":[30],"horizontally":[32],"homogeneous":[33],"turbulence":[34],"that":[35],"can":[36],"lead":[37],"errors":[40],"around":[43],"convective":[44,79,86,103,130,174],"storms.":[45],"To":[46],"understand":[47],"the":[48,62,106,142],"nature":[49],"these":[51],"errors,":[52],"we":[53],"wind":[55,74,92,136],"eddy":[57],"covariance":[58],"flux":[59],"measurements":[60],"from":[61],"Atmospheric":[63,69],"Radiation":[64],"Measurement":[65],"Southern":[66],"Great":[67],"Plains":[68],"Observatory":[70],"evaluate":[72],"profiles":[75,93],"fair\u2010weather":[77,99],"storm":[80,104,131,175],"environments,":[81],"specifically":[82],"those":[83],"mesoscale":[85],"systems":[87],"ordinary":[89],"thunderstorms.":[90],"agreed":[94],"well":[95],"with":[96,158,163],"observations":[97],"cases,":[100],"while":[101],"cases":[105],"systematically":[108],"overestimated":[109],"shear":[110,137],"cold":[112,139],"pools":[113,140],"after":[114],"gust":[115],"front":[116],"passage.":[117],"Surface":[118],"layer":[119],"stability":[120],"was":[121],"found":[122],"be":[124],"important":[125],"assessing":[127],"within":[129],"environments.":[132],"The":[133],"overestimation":[134],"suggests":[141],"role":[143],"non\u2010local":[145],"transferring":[148],"momentum":[149],"downward.":[150],"We":[151],"discuss":[152],"reasons":[153],"for":[154],"differences":[155],"agreement":[157],"past":[159],"studies,":[160],"conclude":[162],"recommendations":[164],"improve":[166],"winds":[170],"simulations.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}