{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413985709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jssem2024.0946","title":"Prevalence of heavy metals along rainfall gradient in sorghum-based cropping system in the SudanoSahelian Zone of Nigeria","display_name":"Prevalence of heavy metals along rainfall gradient in sorghum-based cropping system in the SudanoSahelian Zone of Nigeria","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413985709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jssem2024.0946"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5897/jssem2024.0946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jssem2024.0946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jssem2024.0946","pdf_url":"https://academicjournals.org/journal/JSSEM/article-full-text-pdf/9B893AB73652.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764753804","display_name":"Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management","issn_l":"2141-2391","issn":["2141-2391"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321074","host_organization_name":"Academic Journals","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321074"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Journals"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://academicjournals.org/journal/JSSEM/article-full-text-pdf/9B893AB73652.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072820812","display_name":"Ibrahim Yakubu Tudunwada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-840X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9694-840X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087579","display_name":"National Space Research and Development Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/005epk420","country_code":"NG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801477186","https://openalex.org/I4210087579","https://openalex.org/I4210122850"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Yakubu Tudunwada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Atmospheric Research , National Space Research & Development Agency , Anyigba , Kogi State , Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Atmospheric Research , National Space Research & Development Agency , Anyigba , Kogi State , Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087579"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072820812"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087579"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11188472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"76","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13793","display_name":"Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11418","display_name":"Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metals","display_name":"heavy metals","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-contamination","display_name":"soil contamination","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation-gradient","display_name":"precipitation gradient","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-ph","display_name":"soil pH","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-fertility-management","display_name":"soil fertility management","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cadmium","display_name":"cadmium","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc","display_name":"zinc","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel","display_name":"nickel","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manganese","display_name":"manganese","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"copper","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sudano-sahelian-zone","display_name":"Sudano-Sahelian zone","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kano-state","display_name":"Kano State","score":0.4880000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778157034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12111","display_name":"Sorghum","level":2,"score":0.8597091436386108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13558536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785116","display_name":"Cropping","level":3,"score":0.6981383562088013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776394811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3634497","display_name":"Cropping system","level":3,"score":0.4456777274608612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3835488557815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.36851710081100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.3462388217449188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3293761610984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.23245850205421448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1730673909187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.1714400053024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5897/jssem2024.0946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jssem2024.0946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jssem2024.0946","pdf_url":"https://academicjournals.org/journal/JSSEM/article-full-text-pdf/9B893AB73652.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764753804","display_name":"Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management","issn_l":"2141-2391","issn":["2141-2391"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321074","host_organization_name":"Academic Journals","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321074"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Journals"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5897/jssem2024.0946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jssem2024.0946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5897/jssem2024.0946","pdf_url":"https://academicjournals.org/journal/JSSEM/article-full-text-pdf/9B893AB73652.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764753804","display_name":"Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management","issn_l":"2141-2391","issn":["2141-2391"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321074","host_organization_name":"Academic Journals","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321074"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academic Journals"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.958299994468689,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.7605999708175659,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"},{"score":0.6618000268936157,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413985709.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413985709.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549552139","https://openalex.org/W1623270064","https://openalex.org/W1974531011","https://openalex.org/W2002709469","https://openalex.org/W2012607910","https://openalex.org/W2036839952","https://openalex.org/W2068061194","https://openalex.org/W2085461770","https://openalex.org/W2126164548","https://openalex.org/W2149955688","https://openalex.org/W2150994813","https://openalex.org/W2162774880","https://openalex.org/W2162833757","https://openalex.org/W2218003450","https://openalex.org/W2478196837","https://openalex.org/W2494449366","https://openalex.org/W2784368381","https://openalex.org/W3008179753","https://openalex.org/W3092728101","https://openalex.org/W3152506411","https://openalex.org/W3174779780","https://openalex.org/W4210708207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064514256","https://openalex.org/W3013132749","https://openalex.org/W2073790657","https://openalex.org/W1923126936","https://openalex.org/W2248031058","https://openalex.org/W4239047943","https://openalex.org/W4210709505","https://openalex.org/W3206472928","https://openalex.org/W3006810508","https://openalex.org/W2349526087"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0,95],"major":[1],"thing":[2],"Nigerian":[3],"farmers":[4,23,252],"give":[5],"more":[6],"emphasis":[7],"on":[8,71,212],"is":[9,16,246],"the":[10,22,62,85,105,126,148,205,218,224,233,254],"maintenance":[11],"of":[12,30,50,81,150,159,166,186,192,223,256],"soil":[13,27,47,92,100,195,265],"fertility.":[14,28,266],"This":[15],"done":[17],"indiscriminately":[18],"using":[19,117],"any":[20],"material":[21],"perceive":[24],"could":[25],"maintain":[26,46],"Many":[29],"such":[31],"materials":[32],"like":[33],"refuse":[34],"dumps,":[35],"industrial":[36],"wastes,":[37,39],"household":[38],"and":[40,91,97,114,135,144,153,161,170,180,197,217,220,243],"farmyard":[41],"manure":[42],"are":[43,239],"applied":[44],"to":[45,58,130,133,202,249],"fertility":[48],"oblivious":[49],"their":[51],"chemical":[52],"contents.":[53],"From":[54],"Kofa,":[55],"southern":[56],"Kano,":[57],"Zangon":[59],"Daura":[60],"at":[61],"Nigeria\u2013Niger":[63],"border,":[64],"twelve":[65,106],"sorghum-based":[66],"communities":[67],"were":[68,89,102,110,172,200],"selected":[69,90],"based":[70,211],"50":[72],"mm":[73,188],"rainfall":[74,127,141,158,177,185],"gradient.":[75],"In":[76],"each":[77],"community,":[78],"ten":[79],"farms":[80],"which":[82],"sorghum":[83],"was":[84],"main":[86],"crop":[87],"grown":[88],"samples":[93,101,109],"collected.":[94],"hundred":[96],"twenty":[98],"composite":[99],"collected":[103],"from":[104],"communities.":[107],"The":[108,121,137,155,194,229],"analyzed":[111],"for":[112,208],"pH":[113,134,196],"heavy":[115,122,198,262],"metals":[116,199],"standard":[118],"laboratory":[119],"procedures.":[120],"metal":[123],"distribution":[124],"along":[125,236],"gradient":[128,238],"appears":[129],"vary":[131],"according":[132],"rainfall.":[136],"regions":[138,156,175],"with":[139,157,176,184],"higher":[140],"amounts":[142],"(900":[143],"850":[145],"mm)":[146],"had":[147,163,189],"prevalence":[149,165,191],"Cd,":[151],"Zn,":[152],"Ni.":[154],"800":[160],"750":[162],"a":[164,190,247],"Mn,":[167],"while":[168],"Fe":[169],"Pb":[171],"observed":[173],"in":[174],"between":[178],"450":[179],"600":[181],"mm.":[182],"Regions":[183],"650":[187],"Cu.":[193],"found":[201],"be":[203],"within":[204],"normal":[206],"range":[207],"agricultural":[209],"soils":[210],"World":[213],"Health":[214],"Organization":[215,222],"(WHO)":[216],"Food":[219],"Agriculture":[221],"United":[225],"Nations":[226],"(FAO)":[227],"standards.":[228],"study":[230],"concludes":[231],"that":[232],"farmers\u2019":[234],"efforts":[235],"this":[237],"quite":[240],"safe":[241],"environmentally":[242],"health-wise.":[244],"There":[245],"need":[248],"encourage":[250],"these":[251],"through":[253],"provision":[255],"subsidized":[257],"inputs.":[258],"Key":[259],"words:":[260],"Rainfall,":[261],"metals,":[263],"sorghum,":[264]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}