{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413969366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218","title":"Relationship between blood urea nitrogen and 28-day all-cause mortality in patients with acute pulmonary edema: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-IV database","display_name":"Relationship between blood urea nitrogen and 28-day all-cause mortality in patients with acute pulmonary edema: a retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-IV database","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413969366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40894476","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12392113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595413687","display_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","issn_l":"2297-055X","issn":["2297-055X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guang Tu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Lichuan People's Hospital, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Lichuan People's Hospital, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102768289","display_name":"Yuwen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4700-9647","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4700-9647","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0898-0262"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuwen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei Medicine University, Suizhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei Medicine University, Suizhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaomi Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Qixingguan District People's Hospital, Bijie, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Qixingguan District People's Hospital, Bijie, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100531935","display_name":"Yanfang Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4304-3514","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4304-3514"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanfang Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei Medicine University, Suizhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei Medicine University, Suizhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhonglan Cai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhonglan Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiology, Lichuan People's Hospital, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiology, Lichuan People's Hospital, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chunyan Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106542","display_name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01nnwyz44","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106542"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunyan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Fudan University), Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (Fudan University), Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210106542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210106542"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.6189,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71677148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"1569218","last_page":"1569218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10198","display_name":"Heart Failure Treatment and Management","score":0.8393999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10198","display_name":"Heart Failure Treatment and Management","score":0.8393999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.09520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10684","display_name":"Acute Kidney Injury Research","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2727","display_name":"Nephrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-pulmonary-edema","display_name":"acute pulmonary edema","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-urea-nitrogen","display_name":"blood urea nitrogen","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/28-day-mortality","display_name":"28-day mortality","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognostic-factors","display_name":"prognostic factors","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renal-function","display_name":"renal function","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critically-ill-patients","display_name":"critically ill patients","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-relationship","display_name":"nonlinear relationship","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimic-iv","display_name":"MIMIC-IV","score":0.7419999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7497527003288269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776468924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857667","display_name":"Pulmonary edema","level":3,"score":0.6463492512702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.5163913369178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780886150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152234","display_name":"Edema","level":2,"score":0.43768033385276794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4321284592151642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911060280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857667","display_name":"Acute pulmonary edema","level":4,"score":0.41823461651802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778176769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764079","display_name":"Blood urea nitrogen","level":3,"score":0.4128470718860626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.4023781418800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.32658851146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777714996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung","level":2,"score":0.14574521780014038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159641895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108377937","display_name":"Renal function","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595413687","display_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","issn_l":"2297-055X","issn":["2297-055X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12392113","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12392113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Cardiovasc Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:40894476","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40894476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:517285c2ab6446ecb7fa61047402c1fb","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/517285c2ab6446ecb7fa61047402c1fb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, Vol 12 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1569218/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595413687","display_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","issn_l":"2297-055X","issn":["2297-055X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413969366.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413969366.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963907451","https://openalex.org/W2313237173","https://openalex.org/W2397911846","https://openalex.org/W2801275609","https://openalex.org/W2802773208","https://openalex.org/W2948422358","https://openalex.org/W3158133186","https://openalex.org/W3209573231","https://openalex.org/W4206602402","https://openalex.org/W4211109989","https://openalex.org/W4212886394","https://openalex.org/W4295084933","https://openalex.org/W4304783065","https://openalex.org/W4313439128","https://openalex.org/W4320017937","https://openalex.org/W4320713190","https://openalex.org/W4367309338","https://openalex.org/W4385408957","https://openalex.org/W4386385597","https://openalex.org/W4386736654","https://openalex.org/W4393338109","https://openalex.org/W4396809004","https://openalex.org/W4400745301","https://openalex.org/W4400873908"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2760897816","https://openalex.org/W3045918494","https://openalex.org/W3214841543","https://openalex.org/W4309012589","https://openalex.org/W4406350284","https://openalex.org/W2567391332","https://openalex.org/W7139971502","https://openalex.org/W2762090698","https://openalex.org/W4416763917","https://openalex.org/W4398783177"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Acute":[1],"pulmonary":[2,39,63,95,229],"edema":[3,40],"is":[4],"a":[5,148,189],"severe":[6],"clinical":[7],"syndrome":[8],"with":[9,35,61,93,227],"high":[10],"mortality.":[11,131],"Blood":[12],"Urea":[13],"Nitrogen":[14],"(BUN)":[15],"levels,":[16],"which":[17],"indicate":[18],"renal":[19],"function":[20],"and":[21,55,118,130,154,192,237,240],"metabolic":[22],"state,":[23],"may":[24],"have":[25],"prognostic":[26,239],"value":[27],"in":[28,37,59,140,198,225],"critically":[29],"ill":[30],"patients.":[31],"However,":[32],"their":[33,105],"relationship":[34,126],"outcomes":[36],"acute":[38,62,94,228],"remains":[41],"unclear.":[42],"Objective":[43],"This":[44,66],"study":[45,69],"aims":[46],"to":[47,123,211,246],"investigate":[48],"the":[49,73,84,125,141,199,209],"association":[50,210],"between":[51,127,151],"admission":[52],"BUN":[53,106,128,152,169,201,219,232],"levels":[54,129,153,220],"28-day":[56,155,222],"all-cause":[57,223],"mortality":[58,156,175,224],"patients":[60,91,137,226],"edema.":[64,96,230],"Methods":[65],"retrospective":[67],"cohort":[68],"utilized":[70],"data":[71],"from":[72,86],"Medical":[74],"Information":[75],"Mart":[76],"for":[77],"Intensive":[78],"Care":[79],"IV":[80],"(MIMIC-IV)":[81],"database,":[82],"covering":[83],"period":[85],"2008\u20132019.":[87],"It":[88],"included":[89,139],"adult":[90],"diagnosed":[92],"Patients":[97],"were":[98,121,138],"divided":[99],"into":[100],"four":[101],"groups":[102,202],"based":[103],"on":[104],"levels.":[107],"Cox":[108,144],"regression":[109,145],"models,":[110],"restricted":[111],"cubic":[112],"spline":[113],"(RCS)":[114],"curves,":[115],"Kaplan\u2013Meier":[116,193],"analysis,":[117],"subgroup":[119],"analyses":[120],"used":[122],"assess":[124],"Results":[132],"A":[133],"total":[134],"of":[135,174],"1,094":[136],"study.":[142],"Univariate":[143],"analysis":[146,167,194,207],"revealed":[147],"positive":[149],"correlation":[150],"(HR":[157,176],"=":[158,177],"1.02,":[159,178],"95%":[160,179],"CI:":[161,180],"1.01\u20131.02,":[162,181],"P":[163,182],"<":[164,183,204],"0.001).":[165,184,205],"Multivariate":[166],"confirmed":[168],"as":[170],"an":[171],"independent":[172],"predictor":[173],"The":[185],"RCS":[186],"curve":[187],"indicated":[188],"nonlinear":[190],"relationship,":[191],"showed":[195],"lower":[196],"survival":[197],"higher":[200],"(P":[203],"Subgroup":[206],"found":[208],"be":[212,235,244],"significant":[213],"across":[214],"all":[215],"subgroups.":[216],"Conclusion":[217],"Admission":[218],"predict":[221],"Clinically,":[231],"monitoring":[233],"should":[234,243],"emphasized,":[236],"individualized":[238],"treatment":[241],"strategies":[242],"developed":[245],"improve":[247],"outcomes.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}