{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413825850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37905/jjom.v7i2.33292","title":"A Comparative Study of Linear and Quadratic Spline Regression Models for Predicting HbA1c Levels in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus","display_name":"A Comparative Study of Linear and Quadratic Spline Regression Models for Predicting HbA1c Levels in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413825850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37905/jjom.v7i2.33292"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.37905/jjom.v7i2.33292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37905/jjom.v7i2.33292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37905/jjom.v7i2.33292","pdf_url":"https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jjom/article/download/33292/11630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197639","display_name":"Jambura Journal of Mathematics","issn_l":"2654-5616","issn":["2654-5616","2656-1344"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4404664026","host_organization_name":"State University of Gorontalo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4404664026"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["State University of Gorontalo"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jambura Journal of Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jjom/article/download/33292/11630","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Samsul Arifin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3427-8620","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3427-8620"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42264441","display_name":"Lambung Mangkurat University","ror":"https://ror.org/01khn0w07","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42264441"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samsul Arifin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Lambung Mangkurat"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3427-8620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Lambung Mangkurat","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42264441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087676317","display_name":"Dewi Anggraini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-6422","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-6422"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42264441","display_name":"Lambung Mangkurat University","ror":"https://ror.org/01khn0w07","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42264441"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dewi Anggraini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Lambung Mangkurat"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-6422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Lambung Mangkurat","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42264441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102842013","display_name":"Nur Salam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8076-7063","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8076-7063","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2746-4772"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42264441","display_name":"Lambung Mangkurat University","ror":"https://ror.org/01khn0w07","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42264441"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nur Salam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Lambung Mangkurat"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Lambung Mangkurat","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42264441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42264441"],"apc_list":{"value":650000,"currency":"IDR","value_usd":42},"apc_paid":{"value":650000,"currency":"IDR","value_usd":42},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24654358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"183","last_page":"188"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.225600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.225600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.20739999413490295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13141","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Applications","score":0.18050000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hba1c","display_name":"HbA1c","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truncated-spline-regression","display_name":"truncated spline regression","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-splines","display_name":"linear splines","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-splines","display_name":"quadratic splines","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fasting-blood-glucose","display_name":"fasting blood glucose","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ldl-cholesterol","display_name":"LDL cholesterol","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-relationship","display_name":"nonlinear relationship","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-selection","display_name":"model selection","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-cross-validation","display_name":"generalized cross-validation","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.6439999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.6120087504386902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.5869899392127991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.5066066980361938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.49712255597114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4900435209274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.47720202803611755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10390562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581809","display_name":"Spline (mechanical)","level":2,"score":0.44900330901145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4248521327972412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.41769635677337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3231944441795349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.32163205742836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1176474392414093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.10312819480895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.37905/jjom.v7i2.33292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37905/jjom.v7i2.33292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37905/jjom.v7i2.33292","pdf_url":"https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jjom/article/download/33292/11630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197639","display_name":"Jambura Journal of Mathematics","issn_l":"2654-5616","issn":["2654-5616","2656-1344"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4404664026","host_organization_name":"State University of Gorontalo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4404664026"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["State University of Gorontalo"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jambura Journal of Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc9b8741b00743ba8277142ada11dcec","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc9b8741b00743ba8277142ada11dcec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Jambura Journal of Mathematics, Vol 7, Iss 2, Pp 183-188 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.37905/jjom.v7i2.33292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37905/jjom.v7i2.33292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37905/jjom.v7i2.33292","pdf_url":"https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jjom/article/download/33292/11630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197639","display_name":"Jambura Journal of Mathematics","issn_l":"2654-5616","issn":["2654-5616","2656-1344"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4404664026","host_organization_name":"State University of Gorontalo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4404664026"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["State University of Gorontalo"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jambura Journal of Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413825850.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413825850.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2610868774","https://openalex.org/W4399767649","https://openalex.org/W2092994918","https://openalex.org/W3216594821","https://openalex.org/W2390006526","https://openalex.org/W31220157","https://openalex.org/W4363647291","https://openalex.org/W1915333409","https://openalex.org/W2393341384","https://openalex.org/W2312753042"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"HbA1c":[0,47,81],"is":[1,27],"widely":[2],"recognized":[3],"as":[4,14,78,82,240],"a":[5,62,178,207,220,241],"key":[6],"clinical":[7,247],"indicator":[8],"for":[9,45,246],"monitoring":[10],"and":[11,26,39,73,97,99,150,173,248],"controlling":[12],"diabetes,":[13],"it":[15],"reflects":[16],"average":[17],"blood":[18,71],"glucose":[19,72],"levels":[20,48],"over":[21],"the":[22,31,83,100,111,117,127,131,142,154,163,200,212,228,231],"preceding":[23],"2\u20133":[24],"months":[25],"closely":[28],"linked":[29],"to":[30,91],"risk":[32],"of":[33,110,158,181,186,196,233],"complications.":[34],"This":[35],"study":[36],"compares":[37],"linear":[38,104,132,201],"quadratic":[40,106,213],"truncated":[41,133],"spline":[42,87,134,202,214,217],"regression":[43,88,135],"models":[44],"predicting":[46],"in":[49,64,68,177,226,230],"patients":[50],"with":[51,80,136,168,203,211],"diabetes":[52],"mellitus.":[53],"The":[54,108,121,183,216],"analysis":[55],"used":[56],"retrospective":[57],"medical":[58],"record":[59],"data":[60],"from":[61],"hospital":[63],"Makassar,":[65],"Indonesia,":[66],"collected":[67],"2023.":[69],"Fasting":[70],"LDL":[74,161],"cholesterol":[75],"were":[76,145],"included":[77],"predictors,":[79],"response":[84],"variable.":[85],"Truncated":[86],"was":[89,114,130,166,189],"applied":[90],"capture":[92],"nonlinear":[93],"associations":[94],"between":[95],"predictors":[96,234],"HbA1c,":[98,236],"comparison":[101],"focused":[102],"on":[103,116,224,235],"versus":[105],"specifications.":[107],"selection":[109,123],"best":[112,128,164],"model":[113,122,188,245],"based":[115,223],"minimum":[118],"GCV":[119,156,179,225],"value.":[120],"process":[124],"indicated":[125],"that":[126,199],"specification":[129],"two":[137,204],"knot":[138],"points.":[139],"For":[140,160],"FBG,":[141],"optimal":[143],"knots":[144,169,205],"located":[146],"at":[147,170],"159":[148],"mg/dL":[149,172],"368":[151],"mg/dL,":[152,175],"yielding":[153],"lowest":[155],"value":[157,180,195],"3.5798.":[159],"cholesterol,":[162],"fit":[165,209,222],"achieved":[167],"183":[171],"191":[174],"resulting":[176],"4.3325.":[182],"predictive":[184,244],"performance":[185],"this":[187],"further":[190],"supported":[191],"by":[192],"an":[193],"R\u00b2":[194],"0.3861,":[197],"indicating":[198],"provides":[206],"better":[208,221],"compared":[210],"alternative.":[215],"approach":[218],"showed":[219],"depicting":[227],"changes":[229],"influence":[232],"suggesting":[237],"its":[238],"potential":[239],"more":[242],"accurate":[243],"epidemiological":[249],"purposes.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}