{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413806300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.70023","title":"Item Response Theory Analysis of a Work Ethic Scale: Evidence From Multi\u2010Industry Samples in West Africa","display_name":"Item Response Theory Analysis of a Work Ethic Scale: Evidence From Multi\u2010Industry Samples in West Africa","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413806300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.70023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/ijsa.70023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.70023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.70023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148368070","display_name":"International Journal of Selection and Assessment","issn_l":"0965-075X","issn":["0965-075X","1468-2389"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Selection and Assessment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037766686","display_name":"Simon Ntumi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7874-4454","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7874-4454"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145876445","display_name":"University of Education, Winneba","ror":"https://ror.org/00y1ekh28","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145876445"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simon Ntumi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Foundations University of Education Winneba (UEW) West Africa Ghana"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7874-4454","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Foundations University of Education Winneba (UEW) West Africa Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145876445"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037766686"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145876445"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1938,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97173626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11058","display_name":"Ethics in Business and Education","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work-ethic","display_name":"work ethic","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-cultural-measurement","display_name":"cross-cultural measurement","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-item-functioning","display_name":"differential item functioning","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-validity","display_name":"scale validity","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-values","display_name":"employee values","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/west-africa","display_name":"West Africa","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ghana","display_name":"Ghana","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industry-comparison","display_name":"industry comparison","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-properties","display_name":"psychometric properties","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/item-discrimination","display_name":"item discrimination","score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-precision","display_name":"measurement precision","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unidimensionality","display_name":"unidimensionality","score":0.7289999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7532185316085815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157532075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3426207","display_name":"Work ethic","level":3,"score":0.6937467455863953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6774114966392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6240796446800232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4167565405368805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3710384964942932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09730216860771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07980692386627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/ijsa.70023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.70023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.70023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148368070","display_name":"International Journal of Selection and Assessment","issn_l":"0965-075X","issn":["0965-075X","1468-2389"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","fnege-3","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Selection and Assessment","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7257999777793884}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W615644768","https://openalex.org/W1596874696","https://openalex.org/W1603616772","https://openalex.org/W1648888400","https://openalex.org/W1872710674","https://openalex.org/W1986021671","https://openalex.org/W2014308422","https://openalex.org/W2034465784","https://openalex.org/W2077465748","https://openalex.org/W2132482118","https://openalex.org/W2137711071","https://openalex.org/W2155010651","https://openalex.org/W2157575844","https://openalex.org/W2770569814","https://openalex.org/W2889354899","https://openalex.org/W3217043955","https://openalex.org/W4221001380","https://openalex.org/W4245044266","https://openalex.org/W4251082561","https://openalex.org/W4360615653","https://openalex.org/W4401592908","https://openalex.org/W4401672722","https://openalex.org/W4404357921","https://openalex.org/W4405386724","https://openalex.org/W4405564967","https://openalex.org/W4406039032","https://openalex.org/W4406573968","https://openalex.org/W4408124656","https://openalex.org/W4408429546","https://openalex.org/W4409452222","https://openalex.org/W4409707230","https://openalex.org/W4409953358","https://openalex.org/W4410361245"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2183529187","https://openalex.org/W1453506805","https://openalex.org/W4413723705","https://openalex.org/W4327587659","https://openalex.org/W2364114365","https://openalex.org/W4312756213","https://openalex.org/W2293750851","https://openalex.org/W4388027595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"In":[1],"light":[2],"of":[3,28,45,64,119,129,175,236,355],"growing":[4],"interest":[5],"in":[6,36,54,75,188,267],"cross\u2010cultural":[7],"workforce":[8],"behaviors":[9],"and":[10,26,72,77,97,106,138,200,352],"the":[11,24,42,80,125,201,237,350],"need":[12],"for":[13,185,203,243,289],"psychometrically":[14],"sound":[15],"tools":[16],"to":[17,88,171,227,271,340,345],"assess":[18,89],"employee":[19],"values,":[20],"this":[21],"study":[22,40],"investigated":[23],"validity":[25],"fairness":[27],"a":[29,194,213,359],"Work":[30,48],"Ethic":[31,49],"Scale":[32,50],"across":[33,51,261,363],"key":[34,337],"industries":[35,53],"West":[37,55],"Africa.":[38],"This":[39],"examined":[41],"psychometric":[43],"properties":[44],"an":[46,117],"adapted":[47],"major":[52],"Africa":[56],"using":[57],"item":[58,90,94],"response":[59],"theory":[60],"(IRT).":[61],"A":[62,82,336],"sample":[63],"800":[65],"full\u2010time":[66],"employees":[67],"from":[68,169,225],"education,":[69],"finance,":[70],"manufacturing,":[71],"healthcare":[73],"sectors":[74],"Ghana":[76],"Nigeria":[78],"completed":[79],"scale.":[81],"two\u2010parameter":[83],"logistic":[84],"model":[85,139],"was":[86,141,183,246,265,287],"applied":[87],"discrimination,":[91],"difficulty,":[92],"differential":[93],"functioning":[95],"(DIF),":[96],"measurement":[98,347],"precision.":[99],"Dimensionality":[100],"assessment":[101,362],"via":[102],"exploratory":[103],"factor":[104,115],"analysis":[105,109,127,160,254,311],"Horn's":[107],"parallel":[108,126],"confirmed":[110,142],"essential":[111],"unidimensionality.":[112],"The":[113,180],"first":[114],"had":[116],"eigenvalue":[118],"6.87":[120],"(34.35%":[121],"variance":[122],"explained),":[123],"exceeding":[124,178],"criterion":[128],"1.42.":[130],"Subsequent":[131],"factors":[132],"fell":[133],"below":[134],"their":[135],"respective":[136],"thresholds,":[137],"fit":[140,242],"[KMO":[143],"=":[144,148,154,157,195,198,214,217,275,278,282,299,302,306,317,321,324,327,334],"0.91;":[145,155],"Bartlett's":[146],"\u03c7\u00b2(190)":[147],"2892.31,":[149],"p":[150,249,277,301],"<":[151],"0.001;":[152],"TLI":[153],"RMSR":[156],"0.04].":[158],"IRT":[159],"showed":[161,312],"strong":[162],"item\u2010level":[163],"performance.":[164],"Discrimination":[165],"values":[166,250],"(a\u2010parameters)":[167],"ranged":[168,224],"0.98":[170],"2.25,":[172,196],"with":[173,258,329],"17":[174],"20":[176],"items":[177,232,245,257,344],"1.20.":[179],"highest":[181],"discrimination":[182],"observed":[184,288],"\u201cI":[186,204,290],"believe":[187],"earning":[189],"rewards":[190],"through":[191],"effort\u201d":[192],"(":[193,212,221,319],"SE":[197,216,323],"0.15),":[199],"lowest":[202],"see":[205],"leisure":[206],"as":[207],"less":[208],"important":[209],"than":[210],"work\u201d":[211],"0.98,":[215],"0.09).":[218],"Difficulty":[219],"parameters":[220],"b":[222],"\u2010values)":[223],"\u22120.70":[226],"0.80,":[228],"indicating":[229],"that":[230],"most":[231],"effectively":[233],"targeted":[234],"mid\u2010levels":[235],"work":[238,356],"ethic":[239],"trait.":[240],"Model":[241],"all":[244,364],"adequate":[247],"(S\u2010X\u00b2":[248],">":[251],"0.05).":[252],"DIF":[253,260,264,286],"revealed":[255],"five":[256],"significant":[259],"industries.":[262],"Uniform":[263],"found":[266],"\u201cWork":[268],"is":[269,339],"central":[270],"my":[272],"life\u201d":[273],"[\u03c7\u00b2(3)":[274,298],"19.88,":[276],"0.0002,":[279],"\u03b7":[280,304],"\u00b2":[281,305],"0.08],":[283],"while":[284],"nonuniform":[285],"feel":[291],"guilty":[292],"when":[293],"I'm":[294],"not":[295],"being":[296],"productive\u201d":[297],"21.10,":[300],"0.0001,":[303],"0.07].":[307],"Test":[308],"information":[309,314],"function":[310],"peak":[313],"at":[315,332,349],"\u03b8":[316,333],"0.0":[318],"I":[320],"1.93,":[322],"0.79,":[325],"R":[326],"0.92),":[328],"decreasing":[330],"precision":[331,348],"\u00b12.0.":[335],"recommendation":[338],"revise":[341],"or":[342],"add":[343],"enhance":[346],"lower":[351],"higher":[353],"extremes":[354],"ethic,":[357],"ensuring":[358],"more":[360],"balanced":[361],"trait":[365],"levels.":[366]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}