{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413792000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762815","title":"Improving Accessibility of Public Administrations Web Sites through Large-Scale Automatic Validations","display_name":"Improving Accessibility of Public Administrations Web Sites through Large-Scale Automatic Validations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413792000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762815"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3762815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762815","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3762815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289179","display_name":"ACM Journal on Responsible Computing","issn_l":"2832-0565","issn":["2832-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Responsible Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3762815","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056485045","display_name":"Nicola Iannuzzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9221-2470","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9221-2470"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Iannuzzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI","HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9221-2470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030883152","display_name":"Marco Manca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1029-9934","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1029-9934"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Manca","raw_affiliation_strings":["HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI","HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1029-9934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042506670","display_name":"Fabio Patern\u00f2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-6909","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-6909"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Paterno'","raw_affiliation_strings":["HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI","HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-6909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054271510","display_name":"Carmen Santoro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-7538","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-7538"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmen Santoro","raw_affiliation_strings":["HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI","HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0556-7538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HIIS Lab, CNR ISTI, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.3017,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99418914,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-accessibility","display_name":"web accessibility","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-administration-websites","display_name":"public administration websites","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mauve","display_name":"mauve","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wcag-compliance","display_name":"WCAG compliance","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pdf-accessibility","display_name":"PDF accessibility","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/italian-public-administration","display_name":"Italian public administration","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accessibility-monitoring","display_name":"accessibility monitoring","score":0.35100001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194669863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808932","display_name":"Web accessibility","level":4,"score":0.8582420349121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33499554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417134","display_name":"Dashboard","level":2,"score":0.7138702869415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6356618404388428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5858852863311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5246106386184692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5052054524421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4602600038051605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197973564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q636020","display_name":"Web Accessibility Initiative","level":5,"score":0.4217525124549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182321512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153289","display_name":"Web standards","level":3,"score":0.3301096558570862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2667156457901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2648699879646301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.19981145858764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1814085841178894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59241245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Web application security","level":4,"score":0.0867510437965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3762815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762815","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3762815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289179","display_name":"ACM Journal on Responsible Computing","issn_l":"2832-0565","issn":["2832-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Responsible Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3762815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762815","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762815","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3762815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387289179","display_name":"ACM Journal on Responsible Computing","issn_l":"2832-0565","issn":["2832-0565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Responsible Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413792000.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413792000.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1724800102","https://openalex.org/W1980691776","https://openalex.org/W2001161416","https://openalex.org/W2059464277","https://openalex.org/W2068293943","https://openalex.org/W2099126513","https://openalex.org/W2165946857","https://openalex.org/W2248954145","https://openalex.org/W2346173373","https://openalex.org/W2586472943","https://openalex.org/W2746905041","https://openalex.org/W2813386593","https://openalex.org/W2948781657","https://openalex.org/W2991058434","https://openalex.org/W3081986719","https://openalex.org/W3084651718","https://openalex.org/W3085802035","https://openalex.org/W3129064111","https://openalex.org/W3134985189","https://openalex.org/W4220885191","https://openalex.org/W4292092805","https://openalex.org/W4292771505","https://openalex.org/W4296632092","https://openalex.org/W4309899508","https://openalex.org/W4311948082","https://openalex.org/W4360980253","https://openalex.org/W4387793657","https://openalex.org/W4392881840","https://openalex.org/W4392910116","https://openalex.org/W4403555634","https://openalex.org/W4406081384","https://openalex.org/W4407602424"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2766074951","https://openalex.org/W2979735001","https://openalex.org/W1598466475","https://openalex.org/W2152685973","https://openalex.org/W2159472163","https://openalex.org/W2501369515","https://openalex.org/W2362566723","https://openalex.org/W2885182390","https://openalex.org/W3024743641","https://openalex.org/W2506999362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"accessibility":[1,40,85,100,152,215],"is":[2],"considered":[3],"an":[4,95],"important":[5],"aspect":[6],"to":[7,18,34,44,68,81,113,145,202,214],"allow":[8],"all":[9],"people,":[10],"including":[11],"those":[12],"with":[13,133],"permanent":[14],"or":[15],"temporary":[16],"disabilities,":[17],"access":[19],"the":[20,29,39,52,70,78,88,99,109,149,154,171],"continuously":[21],"increasing":[22],"number":[23],"of":[24,41,48,64,90,98,102,138,151,198],"digital":[25],"services.":[26],"This":[27,168],"raises":[28],"need":[30,55],"for":[31,37,58],"tools":[32],"able":[33],"provide":[35,94,146],"support":[36],"monitoring":[38],"many":[42],"websites,":[43,129],"understand":[45],"their":[46,59,131],"level":[47],"accessibility,":[49],"and":[50,93,121,164,186,201,212],"identify":[51],"areas":[53,178],"that":[54,72,179],"more":[56,115,209],"interventions":[57],"improvement.":[60,167],"The":[61,136],"primary":[62],"objectives":[63],"this":[65,139,199],"work":[66],"are":[67],"describe":[69],"challenges":[71],"have":[73,142],"been":[74,143],"faced":[75],"in":[76,87],"extending":[77],"MAUVE++":[79],"tool":[80,110],"carry":[82],"out":[83],"web":[84,119,184],"validation":[86],"context":[89],"large-scale":[91,140],"assessments":[92],"up-to-date":[96],"view":[97],"landscape":[101],"public":[103,127,160],"administration":[104,128],"websites.":[105],"We":[106],"discuss":[107],"how":[108],"was":[111],"adapted":[112],"analyse":[114],"than":[116],"four":[117],"million":[118],"pages":[120],"associated":[122],"PDF":[123],"documents":[124],"from":[125,183],"Italian":[126],"assessing":[130],"compliance":[132],"WCAG":[134],"guidelines.":[135],"results":[137],"analysis":[141],"utilised":[144],"insights":[147],"on":[148],"state":[150],"at":[153],"national":[155],"level,":[156],"through":[157],"a":[158,208],"dedicated":[159],"dashboard":[161],"updated":[162],"quarterly,":[163],"stimulate":[165,207],"its":[166],"research":[169],"identifies":[170],"most":[172],"violated":[173],"success":[174],"criteria,":[175],"thus":[176],"highlighting":[177],"should":[180],"require":[181],"attention":[182,213],"developers":[185],"designers.":[187],"Finally,":[188],"we":[189],"highlight":[190],"some":[191],"broader":[192],"as":[193,195],"well":[194],"practical":[196],"implications":[197],"research,":[200],"what":[203],"extent":[204],"it":[205],"can":[206],"responsible":[210],"approach":[211],"aspects.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-06T10:28:23.643775","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}