{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413630595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630","title":"Using Monoscopic Multispectral Earth Observation Images to Predict Terrain Features With Deep Neural Networks","display_name":"Using Monoscopic Multispectral Earth Observation Images to Predict Terrain Features With Deep Neural Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413630595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107013313","display_name":"Kristoffer Langstad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8440-0995","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8440-0995"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristoffer Langstad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Space Sensors and Systems (CENSSS), Department of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, Kjeller, Norway","Center for Space Sensors and Systems (CENSSS), Department of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8440-0995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Space Sensors and Systems (CENSSS), Department of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Space Sensors and Systems (CENSSS), Department of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019570196","display_name":"Eleon\u00f3ra Parelius Jon\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1055-5846","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1055-5846"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163244428","display_name":"Norwegian Defence Research Establishment","ror":"https://ror.org/0098gnz32","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eleonora Jonasova Parelius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1055-5846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163244428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111525512","display_name":"S. L\u00f8vold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3316-9213","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3316-9213"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stian L\u00f8vold","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oslo, Kjeller, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3316-9213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oslo, Kjeller, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072890843","display_name":"David V\u00f6lgyes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-5532","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-5532"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David V\u00f6lgyes","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI researcher, Field Geospatial AS, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-5532","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI researcher, Field Geospatial AS, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"21954","last_page":"21966"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12983","display_name":"Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry","score":0.8086000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12983","display_name":"Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry","score":0.8086000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.13349999487400055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-satellite-imagery","display_name":"multispectral satellite imagery","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentinel-2","display_name":"Sentinel-2","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r2u-net","display_name":"R2U-Net","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"digital elevation model","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-azimuth-angle","display_name":"solar azimuth angle","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-remote-sensing","display_name":"optical remote sensing","score":0.33799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.8239178657531738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.7818973064422607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.622924268245697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6086885333061218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6012110710144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.519342303276062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48603564500808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.46791723370552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4151611924171448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1414768099784851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09860140085220337}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3bcc821647b147fd94b7244c43a8c29f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3bcc821647b147fd94b7244c43a8c29f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol 18, Pp 21954-21966 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2025.3602630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117727964","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1939-1404","issn":["1939-1404","2151-1535"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1899309388","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1971637299","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2437003282","https://openalex.org/W2746924719","https://openalex.org/W2913897408","https://openalex.org/W2923997689","https://openalex.org/W2963488291","https://openalex.org/W3086734145","https://openalex.org/W3128031946","https://openalex.org/W4281687127","https://openalex.org/W4285822469","https://openalex.org/W4306157612","https://openalex.org/W4313826192","https://openalex.org/W4316276789","https://openalex.org/W4360613014","https://openalex.org/W4361265511","https://openalex.org/W4366091297","https://openalex.org/W4386291884","https://openalex.org/W4388015931","https://openalex.org/W4391545888","https://openalex.org/W4401708964","https://openalex.org/W4406151462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160207528","https://openalex.org/W3086734145","https://openalex.org/W3207070240","https://openalex.org/W7203933915","https://openalex.org/W7151836961","https://openalex.org/W4402259913","https://openalex.org/W4214538766","https://openalex.org/W3084977120","https://openalex.org/W3196220221","https://openalex.org/W4411978601"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,100,119,134,141,147,157,167,172,187,191,200,206,228,240,244,251,259],"field":[2],"of":[3,26,45,90,133,243],"remote":[4],"sensing":[5],"and":[6,50,76,99,123,136,153],"Earth":[7],"observation,":[8],"deep":[9,96],"neural":[10],"networks":[11],"(DNNs)":[12],"have":[13,233],"established":[14],"themselves":[15],"as":[16,74,83,190,199],"important":[17],"tools":[18],"for":[19,38],"many":[20],"different":[21],"image":[22],"analysis":[23],"applications.":[24],"Estimation":[25],"terrain":[27,58,224],"features":[28],"from":[29,179],"optical":[30,61,120],"satellite":[31],"imagery":[32],"is":[33,247],"a":[34,91],"rarely":[35],"studied":[36],"application":[37],"which":[39,246],"DNNs":[40],"are":[41,255],"well":[42],"suited":[43],"because":[44],"their":[46],"ability":[47],"to":[48,181,204,237,250],"extract":[49],"combine":[51],"information":[52],"at":[53,186],"various":[54],"scales.":[55],"To":[56],"predict":[57,205],"slopes":[59,225],"in":[60,170,209,215],"images,":[62],"we":[63],"propose":[64],"an":[65],"R2U-Net":[66,87],"using":[67,218],"global":[68],"multispectral":[69,161],"Sentinel-2":[70],"(S2)":[71],"L2A":[72,130],"images":[73],"input,":[75],"ALOS":[77],"World":[78],"3D":[79],"DSM":[80],"elevation":[81],"data":[82],"target":[84],"data.":[85,159],"The":[86,160,231],"takes":[88],"advantage":[89],"residual":[92,102],"unit":[93],"that":[94,140,254],"benefits":[95],"architecture":[97],"training,":[98],"recurrent":[101],"convolutional":[103],"layers":[104],"provide":[105],"better":[106,145,164],"feature":[107],"accumulation.":[108],"Two":[109],"models":[110,138,201],"were":[111],"experimented":[112],"with;":[113],"one":[114,124],"model":[115,125,143,162,169,229],"trained":[116,126],"on":[117,127,156,239],"only":[118],"RGB":[121,148,168],"bands":[122,221],"all":[128,171],"S2":[129],"bands.":[131],"Evaluation":[132],"multispectral-":[135],"RGB-trained":[137],"showed":[139],"multispectral-trained":[142],"performs":[144,163],"than":[146,166],"model,":[149],"both":[150],"during":[151],"training":[152],"when":[154,222],"evaluated":[155],"test":[158],"overall":[165],"cases":[173],"studied.":[174],"Slope":[175],"errors":[176,197],"typically":[177],"increase":[178],"low-":[180],"high-gradient":[182],"terrain,":[183],"but":[184],"not":[185],"same":[188],"rate":[189],"slope":[192,207],"steepness":[193],"itself,":[194],"while":[195],"aspect":[196,208],"decrease":[198],"struggle":[202],"more":[203,219],"low-gradient":[210],"terrain.":[211,260],"This":[212],"highlights":[213],"that,":[214],"this":[216],"case,":[217],"spectral":[220],"predicting":[223],"helps":[226],"improve":[227],"predictions.":[230],"results":[232],"also":[234],"been":[235],"shown":[236],"depend":[238],"incoming":[241],"angle":[242],"sunlight,":[245],"mostly":[248],"due":[249],"topographic":[252],"shadows":[253],"being":[256],"cast":[257],"onto":[258]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
