{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413308917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaf116","title":"Nephrotoxic effects of combined exposure to 85 dB(a) noise and 300 ppm toluene in Wistar rats: biochemical and histopathological analysis","display_name":"Nephrotoxic effects of combined exposure to 85 dB(a) noise and 300 ppm toluene in Wistar rats: biochemical and histopathological analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413308917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaf116","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40823619","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12354949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/toxres/tfaf116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaf116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaf116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494971184","display_name":"Toxicology Research","issn_l":"2045-452X","issn":["2045-452X","2045-4538"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Toxicology Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12354949/pdf/tfaf116.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033411683","display_name":"Takoua Ben Attia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8948-0204","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8948-0204"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108714496","display_name":"Tunis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1spa57","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386600","display_name":"Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine de Tunis","ror":"https://ror.org/03pyhhg10","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386600","https://openalex.org/I63596082"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63596082","display_name":"Tunis El Manar University","ror":"https://ror.org/029cgt552","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63596082"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Takoua Ben Attia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Research \"LR 23/ES/10\": Population Pathology, Environmental Aggressors, Alternative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis , 15 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis ,","University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Research \"LR 23/ES/10\": Population Pathology, Environmental Aggressors, Alternative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 15 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Research \"LR 23/ES/10\": Population Pathology, Environmental Aggressors, Alternative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis , 15 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496","https://openalex.org/I4403386600","https://openalex.org/I63596082"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Research \"LR 23/ES/10\": Population Pathology, Environmental Aggressors, Alternative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 15 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496","https://openalex.org/I4403386600","https://openalex.org/I63596082"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046937630","display_name":"Eduardo Alberto L\u00f3pez\u2010Maldonado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-4821","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-4821"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173664879","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California","ror":"https://ror.org/05xwcq167","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173664879"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Alberto L\u00f3pez-Maldonado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California , Tijuana, Baja California, 22424 ,","Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, 22424, M\u00e9xico"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-4821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California , Tijuana, Baja California, 22424 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173664879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, 22424, M\u00e9xico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173664879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036092212","display_name":"Sa\u00efd Gala\u00ef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1232-5120","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1232-5120"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158266","display_name":"National Institute of Neurology Mongi-Ben Hamida","ror":"https://ror.org/02mqbx112","country_code":"TN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158266"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Said Galai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04)-Department of Clinical Biology-National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology 7 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1007, Tunis ,","Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04)-Department of Clinical Biology-National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology 7 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04)-Department of Clinical Biology-National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology 7 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1007, Tunis ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158266"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04)-Department of Clinical Biology-National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology 7 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088242732","display_name":"Linda Bel Haj Kacem","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118449","display_name":"H\u00f4pital Charles-Nicolle","ror":"https://ror.org/02f6ghw27","country_code":"TN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118449"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda Bel Haj Kacem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology Anatomy and Cytology, CharlesNicolle Hospital , 7 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1007, Tunis ,","Department of Pathology Anatomy and Cytology, CharlesNicolle Hospital, 7 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology Anatomy and Cytology, CharlesNicolle Hospital , 7 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1007, Tunis ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118449"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology Anatomy and Cytology, CharlesNicolle Hospital, 7 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118449"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108500009","display_name":"Abada Mhamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9329-046X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9329-046X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108714496","display_name":"Tunis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q1spa57","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108714496"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386600","display_name":"Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine de Tunis","ror":"https://ror.org/03pyhhg10","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386600","https://openalex.org/I63596082"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63596082","display_name":"Tunis El Manar University","ror":"https://ror.org/029cgt552","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63596082"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abada Mhamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Research \"LR 23/ES/10\": Population Pathology, Environmental Aggressors, Alternative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis , 15 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis ,","University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Research \"LR 23/ES/10\": Population Pathology, Environmental Aggressors, Alternative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 15 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Research \"LR 23/ES/10\": Population Pathology, Environmental Aggressors, Alternative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis , 15 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496","https://openalex.org/I4403386600","https://openalex.org/I63596082"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Research \"LR 23/ES/10\": Population Pathology, Environmental Aggressors, Alternative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 15 Rue Djebel Lakhdar, Bab Saadoun, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496","https://openalex.org/I4403386600","https://openalex.org/I63596082"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033411683","https://openalex.org/A5046937630"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108714496","https://openalex.org/I173664879","https://openalex.org/I4403386600","https://openalex.org/I63596082"],"apc_list":{"value":2560,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2560},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8881,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64884033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"tfaf116","last_page":"tfaf116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11692","display_name":"Noise Effects and Management","score":0.8432999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3102","display_name":"Acoustics and Ultrasonics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11692","display_name":"Noise Effects and Management","score":0.8432999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3102","display_name":"Acoustics and Ultrasonics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10334","display_name":"Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics","score":0.04560000076889992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2809","display_name":"Sensory Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14072","display_name":"Immunotoxicology and immune responses","score":0.0333000011742115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toluene","display_name":"toluene","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-exposure","display_name":"noise exposure","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nephrotoxicity","display_name":"nephrotoxicity","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-exposure","display_name":"combined exposure","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renal-function","display_name":"renal function","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pro-inflammatory-cytokines","display_name":"inflammatory cytokines","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tnf-alpha","display_name":"TNF-\u03b1","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleukin-1beta","display_name":"IL-1\u03b2","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malondialdehyde","display_name":"malondialdehyde","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superoxide-dismutase","display_name":"superoxide dismutase","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catalase","display_name":"catalase","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kidney-histopathology","display_name":"kidney histopathology","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glomerular-atrophy","display_name":"glomerular atrophy","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tubular-degeneration","display_name":"tubular degeneration","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leukocyte-infiltration","display_name":"leukocyte infiltration","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-toxicants","display_name":"environmental toxins","score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-solvent-exposure","display_name":"occupational solvent exposure","score":0.5479999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778142098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15779","display_name":"Toluene","level":2,"score":0.7864365577697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126189478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1468324","display_name":"Nephrotoxicity","level":3,"score":0.6407760977745056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5243977904319763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.394873708486557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.17273354530334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16792812943458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.09661409258842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.058113157749176025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/toxres/tfaf116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaf116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaf116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2494971184","display_name":"Toxicology Research","issn_l":"2045-452X","issn":["2045-452X","2045-4538"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Toxicology Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12354949","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12354949/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12354949/pdf/tfaf116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Toxicol Res (Camb)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:40823619","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40823619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Toxicology research","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12354949","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12354949/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12354949/pdf/tfaf116.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Toxicol Res (Camb)","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9074000120162964}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413308917.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413308917.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191793640","https://openalex.org/W1590457525","https://openalex.org/W1970832149","https://openalex.org/W1975932722","https://openalex.org/W2009492656","https://openalex.org/W2037180842","https://openalex.org/W2055993373","https://openalex.org/W2056156198","https://openalex.org/W2075488370","https://openalex.org/W2080868137","https://openalex.org/W2089611683","https://openalex.org/W2112700322","https://openalex.org/W2128635872","https://openalex.org/W2316544926","https://openalex.org/W2519786994","https://openalex.org/W2740695644","https://openalex.org/W2767765728","https://openalex.org/W2990220989","https://openalex.org/W3046879848","https://openalex.org/W3048560624","https://openalex.org/W3093952606","https://openalex.org/W3137622108","https://openalex.org/W4220825997","https://openalex.org/W4366352703","https://openalex.org/W4381660965","https://openalex.org/W4386171527","https://openalex.org/W4403285622","https://openalex.org/W4404039025","https://openalex.org/W4405887728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3048560624","https://openalex.org/W4363678550","https://openalex.org/W7118064049","https://openalex.org/W4389664336","https://openalex.org/W4415938511","https://openalex.org/W7171796678","https://openalex.org/W4223544444","https://openalex.org/W3213909459","https://openalex.org/W3137622108","https://openalex.org/W4220946787"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Toluene,":[1],"a":[2,10,176],"widely":[3],"used":[4],"industrial":[5],"solvent,":[6],"and":[7,28,33,43,74,95,105,115,127,152,168,190,202,214,224],"environmental":[8,235],"noise,":[9,66],"pervasive":[11],"physical":[12],"stressor,":[13],"are":[14,216],"both":[15],"recognized":[16],"for":[17],"their":[18],"harmful":[19],"effects":[20,30],"on":[21,36],"health.":[22],"This":[23,227],"study":[24],"examined":[25],"the":[26,96,99,123,138,206,229],"individual":[27],"combined":[29,75,234],"of":[31,98,122],"toluene":[32,69,172,213],"noise":[34,59,215],"exposure":[35,60,70,79,164,173,182,236],"oxidative":[37,161,223],"stress,":[38],"renal":[39,145,192,207],"function,":[40],"pro-inflammatory":[41,124,187],"response,":[42],"kidney":[44],"histopathology.":[45],"Twenty-four":[46],"adult":[47],"male":[48],"Wistar":[49],"rats":[50],"were":[51,131,157],"randomly":[52],"divided":[53],"into":[54],"four":[55],"groups:":[56],"control":[57],"(C),":[58],"(N;":[61],"85":[62,81],"dB":[63,82],"SPL":[64],"white":[65],"8\u201316":[67],"kHz),":[68],"(T;":[71],"300":[72,84],"ppm),":[73],"Noise":[76,163],"+":[77,83],"Toluene":[78],"(NT;":[80],"ppm).":[85],"Oxidative":[86],"stress":[87],"was":[88,110],"assessed":[89],"by":[90,149],"measuring":[91],"malondialdehyde":[92],"(MDA)":[93],"levels":[94,156],"activities":[97],"antioxidant":[100],"enzymes":[101],"superoxide":[102],"dismutase":[103],"(SOD)":[104],"catalase":[106],"(CAT).":[107],"Renal":[108],"function":[109],"evaluated":[111],"using":[112],"serum":[113,120],"urea":[114,151],"creatinine":[116,153],"levels,":[117,189],"along":[118],"with":[119],"concentrations":[121],"cytokines":[125],"TNF-\u03b1":[126],"IL-1\u03b2.":[128],"Histopathological":[129],"analyses":[130],"performed":[132],"to":[133,175,232],"identify":[134],"structural":[135],"alterations":[136],"in":[137,178,205,237],"kidneys.":[139],"All":[140],"exposed":[141],"groups":[142],"exhibited":[143],"significant":[144],"impairment,":[146],"as":[147],"indicated":[148],"elevated":[150,166,186],"levels.":[154],"MDA":[155],"markedly":[158],"increased,":[159],"confirming":[160],"stress.":[162],"induced":[165],"SOD":[167],"CAT":[169],"activities,":[170],"whereas":[171],"led":[174],"reduction":[177],"these":[179],"activities.":[180],"Combined":[181],"exacerbated":[183],"biochemical":[184],"imbalances,":[185],"cytokine":[188],"intensified":[191],"tissue":[193],"damage,":[194],"including":[195],"glomerular":[196],"atrophy,":[197],"tubular":[198],"degeneration,":[199],"vascular":[200],"congestion,":[201],"leukocyte":[203],"infiltration":[204],"tissue.":[208],"These":[209],"findings":[210],"demonstrate":[211],"that":[212],"potent":[217],"nephrotoxic":[218],"agents":[219],"whose":[220],"co-exposure":[221],"amplifies":[222],"inflammatory":[225],"injuries.":[226],"highlights":[228],"critical":[230],"need":[231],"consider":[233],"toxicological":[238],"risk":[239],"assessments.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2025-08-19T00:00:00"}
