{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413292002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","title":"Clostridioides difficile toxin A and toxin B inhibit toxin-specific adaptive immune responses through glucosyltransferase-dependent activity","display_name":"Clostridioides difficile toxin A and toxin B inhibit toxin-specific adaptive immune responses through glucosyltransferase-dependent activity","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413292002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40825509","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12767507"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68384121","display_name":"Mucosal Immunology","issn_l":"1933-0219","issn":["1933-0219","1935-3456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mucosal Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025798942","display_name":"Jeffrey R. Maslanka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6982-5946","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6982-5946"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey R. Maslanka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036219531","display_name":"Jennifer Londregan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-3577","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-3577"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer A. Londregan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026922666","display_name":"Joshua E. Denny","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2004-5030","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2004-5030"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua E. Denny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116804084","display_name":"Ellie N Hulit","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellie N. Hulit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068488030","display_name":"Nontokozo V. Mdluli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nontokozo V. Mdluli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063420511","display_name":"F. Christopher Peritore\u2010Galve","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0920-2285","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0920-2285"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901861585","display_name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05dq2gs74","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197","https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Christopher Peritore-Galve","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022015493","display_name":"Md. Zahidul Alam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Zahidul Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071107934","display_name":"Mohamad\u2010Gabriel Alameh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5672-6930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5672-6930"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335321130","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7r7q48","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014191646","display_name":"Dana Borden Lacy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-8121","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-8121"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101790","display_name":"VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System","ror":"https://ror.org/01c9rqr26","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210101790","https://openalex.org/I4210112672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I901861585","display_name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05dq2gs74","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162197","https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Borden Lacy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101790","https://openalex.org/I901861585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051920013","display_name":"Joseph P. Zackular","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3228-3055","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3228-3055"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335321130","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","ror":"https://ror.org/01z7r7q48","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph P. Zackular","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335321130","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088862417","display_name":"Michael C. Abt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7351-2061","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7351-2061"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael C. Abt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: Michael.abt@pennmedicine.upenn.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: Michael.abt@pennmedicine.upenn.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088862417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":4370,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4370},"apc_paid":{"value":4370,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4370},"fwci":2.9737,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8969847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"6","first_page":"1271","last_page":"1283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10943","display_name":"Escherichia coli research studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clostridioides-difficile","display_name":"Clostridium difficile","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxin-a","display_name":"toxin A","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxin-b","display_name":"toxin B","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucosyltransferase","display_name":"glucosyltransferase","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-immune-response","display_name":"adaptive immune response","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibody-response","display_name":"antibody response","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/il-17a","display_name":"IL-17A","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd4-t-cells","display_name":"CD4+ T cells","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-infections","display_name":"recurrent infections","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virulence-factors","display_name":"virulence factors","score":0.6919999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97505648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135488","display_name":"Clostridium difficile toxin A","level":4,"score":0.8724556565284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777367657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184651","display_name":"Toxin","level":2,"score":0.8621670007705688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777858569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572361","display_name":"Glucosyltransferase","level":3,"score":0.6851589679718018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134193097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135489","display_name":"Clostridium difficile toxin B","level":5,"score":0.6731870174407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910067853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27438828","display_name":"Clostridioides","level":2,"score":0.6194679141044617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.5745015144348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.5365548133850098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9043230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262657","display_name":"Microbial toxins","level":3,"score":0.48617857694625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777006276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83586","display_name":"Cholera toxin","level":2,"score":0.483107328414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4828372597694397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.31799376010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994496256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27031090","display_name":"Clostridium difficile","level":3,"score":0.23409393429756165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.09892630577087402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.07198378443717957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.06913641095161438}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000907","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001426","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001426","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001426","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001427","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Toxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001427","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Toxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001427","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Toxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003015","descriptor_name":"Clostridium Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004195","descriptor_name":"Disease Models, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004768","descriptor_name":"Enterotoxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004768","descriptor_name":"Enterotoxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004768","descriptor_name":"Enterotoxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005964","descriptor_name":"Glucosyltransferases","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005964","descriptor_name":"Glucosyltransferases","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008810","descriptor_name":"Mice, Inbred C57BL","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015496","descriptor_name":"CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016360","descriptor_name":"Clostridioides difficile","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016360","descriptor_name":"Clostridioides difficile","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020381","descriptor_name":"Interleukin-17","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056704","descriptor_name":"Adaptive Immunity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68384121","display_name":"Mucosal Immunology","issn_l":"1933-0219","issn":["1933-0219","1935-3456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mucosal Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.07.30.667646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.30.667646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.30.667646","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2025/08/02/2025.07.30.667646.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:40766602","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40766602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmid:40825509","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40825509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mucosal immunology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12767507","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12767507/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mucosal Immunol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12324437","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12324437/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.08.004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68384121","display_name":"Mucosal Immunology","issn_l":"1933-0219","issn":["1933-0219","1935-3456"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mucosal Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9789000153541565,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1998071781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AI174999","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309123","funder_display_name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2025867476","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AI95755","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309123","funder_display_name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2747922665","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AI95755","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G309464875","display_name":"Structural mechanisms of Clostridium difficile pathogenesis","funder_award_id":"R01AI095755","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4466181229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01-AI158830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309123","funder_display_name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4878658868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"I01 BX002943","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5398013620","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BX002943","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5470100736","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BX002943","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309842","funder_display_name":"Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, VA Office of Research and Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7897945380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U19AI174998","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309123","funder_display_name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000864109","display_name":"Structural Mechanisms of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis","funder_award_id":"R37AI095755","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000876426","display_name":"Vanderbilt Antibody and Antigen Discovery for Clostridioides difficile Vaccines","funder_award_id":"U19AI174999","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000879273","display_name":"Investigating Immune-Microbiome interactions during treatment of Clostridioides difficile with fecal microbiome transplantation","funder_award_id":"R01AI158830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000909458","display_name":"mVACS--mRNA Vaccines for C. difficile Suppression","funder_award_id":"U19AI174998","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309123","display_name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309842","display_name":"Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, VA Office of Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413292002.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413292002.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52457071","https://openalex.org/W1531679989","https://openalex.org/W1868715645","https://openalex.org/W1892179039","https://openalex.org/W1917381829","https://openalex.org/W1958255100","https://openalex.org/W1965278341","https://openalex.org/W1973650764","https://openalex.org/W1975414621","https://openalex.org/W1976491510","https://openalex.org/W1979957415","https://openalex.org/W1980913792","https://openalex.org/W2019731805","https://openalex.org/W2025024815","https://openalex.org/W2027810531","https://openalex.org/W2034706392","https://openalex.org/W2043555715","https://openalex.org/W2043661964","https://openalex.org/W2054808059","https://openalex.org/W2069542935","https://openalex.org/W2069800046","https://openalex.org/W2095751049","https://openalex.org/W2095754044","https://openalex.org/W2100350770","https://openalex.org/W2106310075","https://openalex.org/W2112157204","https://openalex.org/W2115583334","https://openalex.org/W2119576620","https://openalex.org/W2120563768","https://openalex.org/W2122779464","https://openalex.org/W2122791726","https://openalex.org/W2123458607","https://openalex.org/W2140672818","https://openalex.org/W2145363179","https://openalex.org/W2149177254","https://openalex.org/W2154435279","https://openalex.org/W2156276050","https://openalex.org/W2156408202","https://openalex.org/W2167766152","https://openalex.org/W2248934156","https://openalex.org/W2258823828","https://openalex.org/W2287745926","https://openalex.org/W2341427843","https://openalex.org/W2470029570","https://openalex.org/W2582069104","https://openalex.org/W2738593557","https://openalex.org/W2765868029","https://openalex.org/W2776175908","https://openalex.org/W2896860827","https://openalex.org/W2937189739","https://openalex.org/W2995022850","https://openalex.org/W3004246482","https://openalex.org/W3043647228","https://openalex.org/W3089224428","https://openalex.org/W3092116369","https://openalex.org/W3111711203","https://openalex.org/W3124819012","https://openalex.org/W3128496458","https://openalex.org/W3134778760","https://openalex.org/W3135605616","https://openalex.org/W3153998637","https://openalex.org/W3215599992","https://openalex.org/W4220862079","https://openalex.org/W4397024189","https://openalex.org/W4403092346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416449649","https://openalex.org/W4313404578","https://openalex.org/W4385687100","https://openalex.org/W1991951235","https://openalex.org/W1828721147","https://openalex.org/W2995022850","https://openalex.org/W4397024189","https://openalex.org/W7203475792","https://openalex.org/W4313366338","https://openalex.org/W23273150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clostridioides":[0],"difficile":[1,22,54,81,176],"colonizes":[2],"the":[3,73,76,132,149,157],"gastrointestinal":[4],"tract":[5],"and":[6,14,43,59,138,154,164],"secretes":[7],"two":[8],"virulence":[9],"factors:":[10],"toxin":[11,15],"A":[12],"(TcdA)":[13],"B":[16],"(TcdB).":[17],"Protective":[18],"immunity":[19,40],"against":[20],"C.":[21,53,80,175],"infection":[23,112,130,177],"is":[24,45],"limited":[25],"as":[26],"patients":[27],"are":[28],"susceptible":[29],"to":[30,41,66,122,162],"multiple":[31],"rounds":[32],"of":[33,75,126,152],"recurrent":[34],"infections.":[35],"The":[36],"factors":[37],"determining":[38],"whether":[39],"TcdA":[42,67,114,117,137,153],"TcdB":[44,92,97,104,119,155],"generated":[46],"remain":[47],"incompletely":[48],"defined.":[49],"We":[50],"determined":[51],"that":[52,148,169],"-infected":[55],"mice":[56],"generate":[57],"antibody":[58,109],"IL-17A-producing":[60],"CD4":[61,140],"+":[62,141],"T":[63,142],"cell":[64,143],"responses":[65],"but":[68],"not":[69],"TcdB.":[70],"To":[71],"determine":[72],"mechanism":[74,168],"failed":[77],"anti-TcdB":[78],"immunity,":[79],"mutant":[82,101,135],"strains":[83],"expressing":[84],"glucosyltransferase":[85,90,150],"inactive":[86,91],"(GTX)":[87],"TcdA,":[88],"and/or":[89],"were":[93],"used.":[94],"Infection":[95],"with":[96,113,131],"GTX":[98,103,105,115,118,120,134],"or":[99,116],"dual":[100,133],"(TcdA":[102],")":[106],"restored":[107],"TcdB-specific":[108,139],"responses,":[110],"while":[111],"led":[121],"an":[123],"earlier":[124],"induction":[125],"TcdA-specific":[127],"antibodies.":[128],"Finally,":[129],"enhanced":[136],"responses.":[144],"These":[145],"data":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"activity":[151],"hinders":[156],"antigen-specific":[158],"adaptive":[159],"immune":[160],"response":[161],"itself":[163],"may":[165],"be":[166],"a":[167],"underlies":[170],"high":[171],"recurrence":[172],"rates":[173],"following":[174],"in":[178],"patients.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
