{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413183472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73464","title":"Second language (L2) gains through digital game-based language learning (DGBLL): A meta-analysis","display_name":"Second language (L2) gains through digital game-based language learning (DGBLL): A meta-analysis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413183472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64152/10125/73464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73464","pdf_url":"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstreams/df6a3c0d-9f82-40dc-8491-40c5fd2972ab/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86672399","display_name":"Language learning & technology","issn_l":"1094-3501","issn":["1094-3501"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315701","host_organization_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315701"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Learning & Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstreams/df6a3c0d-9f82-40dc-8491-40c5fd2972ab/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008624523","display_name":"Daniel H. Dixon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0534-2080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0534-2080"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel H. Dixon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona University","Northern Arizona University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Arizona University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001443016","display_name":"T\u00fclay Dixon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4502-2874","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4502-2874"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T\u00fclay Dixon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Arizona University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Arizona University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Eric Jordan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Jordan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Arizona University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Arizona University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8691,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92970522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-game-based-language-learning","display_name":"digital game-based language learning","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-acquisition","display_name":"second language acquisition","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-games","display_name":"game-based learning","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entertainment-games","display_name":"entertainment games","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-elements","display_name":"game elements","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplayer-games","display_name":"multiplayer games","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massively-multiplayer-online-games","display_name":"massively multiplayer online games","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary-acquisition","display_name":"vocabulary acquisition","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-proficiency","display_name":"language proficiency","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/player-interaction","display_name":"player interaction","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effect-size","display_name":"effect size","score":0.34700000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7088402509689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.46289390325546265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.45410287380218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.4258703291416168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.4203760623931885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4133192002773285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.376850426197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.33196771144866943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.32181376218795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30686551332473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64152/10125/73464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73464","pdf_url":"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstreams/df6a3c0d-9f82-40dc-8491-40c5fd2972ab/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86672399","display_name":"Language learning & technology","issn_l":"1094-3501","issn":["1094-3501"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315701","host_organization_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315701"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Learning & Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.gsu.edu:alesl_facpub-1002","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/alesl_facpub/2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922693","display_name":"Digital Archive @ GSU","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Linguistics and English as a Second Language Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu:10125/73464","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401722","display_name":"ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","host_organization_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.gsu.edu:20.500.14694/453","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14694/453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922693","display_name":"Digital Archive @ GSU","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64152/10125/73464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64152/10125/73464","pdf_url":"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstreams/df6a3c0d-9f82-40dc-8491-40c5fd2972ab/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86672399","display_name":"Language learning & technology","issn_l":"1094-3501","issn":["1094-3501"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315701","host_organization_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315701"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Learning & Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413183472.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413183472.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1929089037","https://openalex.org/W2006181802","https://openalex.org/W2008426906","https://openalex.org/W2023394508","https://openalex.org/W2027746676","https://openalex.org/W2042957510","https://openalex.org/W2067970228","https://openalex.org/W2075917870","https://openalex.org/W2087432641","https://openalex.org/W2119274157","https://openalex.org/W2124812340","https://openalex.org/W2141010200","https://openalex.org/W2211350095","https://openalex.org/W2289089347","https://openalex.org/W2330858525","https://openalex.org/W2469223481","https://openalex.org/W2552659815","https://openalex.org/W2558239892","https://openalex.org/W2570374697","https://openalex.org/W2610480779","https://openalex.org/W2741537649","https://openalex.org/W2759877309","https://openalex.org/W2802411132","https://openalex.org/W2809430992","https://openalex.org/W2901100217","https://openalex.org/W2947542413","https://openalex.org/W2968619329","https://openalex.org/W3200496462","https://openalex.org/W4213332276"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387349741","https://openalex.org/W7111393345","https://openalex.org/W7153510361","https://openalex.org/W2810443585","https://openalex.org/W4316041955","https://openalex.org/W2809430992","https://openalex.org/W4415071569","https://openalex.org/W6966651628","https://openalex.org/W7134183091","https://openalex.org/W4393389500"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Studies":[0],"on":[1,28,57],"digital":[2,26,37],"game-based":[3],"language":[4,30],"learning":[5],"(DGBLL)":[6],"have":[7],"increased":[8],"in":[9,159,179,200],"numbers,":[10],"creating":[11],"a":[12,63,115,129],"pool":[13],"of":[14,25,48,52,65,77,98,164,181],"studies":[15],"that":[16,39,111],"can":[17],"be":[18,145],"meta-analyzed":[19],"to":[20,42,117,144],"measure":[21],"the":[22,43,46,72,78,96,160,165,195],"overall":[23,60,87,169],"effect":[24,120,131],"gaming":[27],"second":[29],"(L2)":[31],"development.":[32],"The":[33,168],"current":[34],"meta-analysis":[35],"targets":[36],"games":[38],"were":[40,142],"available":[41],"public":[44],"at":[45],"time":[47],"data":[49],"collection,":[50],"January":[51],"2020,":[53],"aggregating":[54],"their":[55],"effects":[56],"L2":[58,152],"development":[59],"and":[61,89,128,171,191,198],"across":[62],"number":[64],"moderator":[66,69,175],"variables.":[67],"These":[68],"variables":[70],"include":[71],"game":[73,79,91],"developers\u2019":[74],"intended":[75],"purpose":[76],"(educational":[80],"or":[81],"entertainment),":[82],"outcome":[83],"measures":[84],"(e.g.,":[85],"vocabulary,":[86],"proficiency),":[88],"several":[90],"design":[92],"features":[93],"such":[94],"as":[95],"type":[97],"player":[99],"interaction":[100],"(single":[101],"player,":[102],"multiplayer,":[103],"massively":[104],"multiplayer":[105],"online),":[106],"among":[107],"others.":[108],"Results":[109],"indicate":[110],"DGBLL":[112,183,201],"has":[113],"had":[114],"small":[116],"medium":[118,130],"positive":[119],"(Cohen\u2019s":[121],"dweighted":[122],"=":[123,133],"0.50)":[124],"for":[125,135,140,151,188,193],"between-groups":[126],"designs":[127],"(dweighted":[132],"0.95)":[134],"within-group":[136],"designs.":[137],"Games":[138],"designed":[139,150],"entertainment":[141],"found":[143],"more":[146],"effective":[147],"than":[148],"those":[149,172],"education,":[153],"although":[154],"there":[155],"is":[156],"some":[157],"overlap":[158],"95%":[161],"confidence":[162],"intervals":[163],"two":[166],"groups.":[167],"findings":[170,184],"from":[173],"additional":[174],"analyses":[176],"are":[177],"discussed":[178],"light":[180],"previous":[182],"while":[185],"offering":[186],"direction":[187],"future":[189],"research":[190],"recommendations":[192],"improving":[194],"methodological":[196],"rigor":[197],"transparency":[199],"research.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}