{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412979698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278","title":"No more laborious stem counting: AI-powered computer vision enables identification and quantification of solid and hollow alfalfa stems at the pixel level","display_name":"No more laborious stem counting: AI-powered computer vision enables identification and quantification of solid and hollow alfalfa stems at the pixel level","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412979698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238883","display_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","issn_l":"2772-3755","issn":["2772-3755"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091913652","display_name":"Brandon J. Weihs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2518-7541","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2518-7541"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11123151","display_name":"Northwest Missouri State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05maved80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11123151"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269978","display_name":"Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute at the University of Nebraska","ror":"https://ror.org/05rznat34","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269978"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brandon J. Weihs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA","Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA","Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO, 64468, USA","United States Department of Agriculture \u2013 Agricultural Research Service - Plant Science, Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2518-7541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901","https://openalex.org/I4405269978"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO, 64468, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11123151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Department of Agriculture \u2013 Agricultural Research Service - Plant Science, Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007126748","display_name":"Zhou Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0111-2568","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0111-2568"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA","Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0111-2568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049966234","display_name":"Somshubhra Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-1186","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-1186"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Somshubhra Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1434-1186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108971973","display_name":"Zezhong Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9633-0407","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9633-0407"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zezhong Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9633-0407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087141761","display_name":"Deborah Jo Heuschele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8157-8458","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8157-8458"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah Jo Heuschele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA","United States Department of Agriculture \u2013 Agricultural Research Service - Plant Science, Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8157-8458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Department of Agriculture \u2013 Agricultural Research Service - Plant Science, Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065237213","display_name":"Zhiwu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-9684","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-9684"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-9684","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001212028","display_name":"Cranos Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0477-9707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0477-9707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cranos Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0477-9707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107954362","display_name":"Zhou Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8770-1640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8770-1640"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001441271","display_name":"Garett C. Heineck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0979-3671","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0979-3671"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garett Heineck","raw_affiliation_strings":["United States Department of Agriculture \u2013 Agricultural Research Service - Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research Unit, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0979-3671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Department of Agriculture \u2013 Agricultural Research Service - Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research Unit, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091756500","display_name":"Swayamjit Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8007-8902","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8007-8902"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swayamjit Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8007-8902","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081682012","display_name":"Zhanyou Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7633-036X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7633-036X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhanyou Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA","United States Department of Agriculture \u2013 Agricultural Research Service - Plant Science, Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7633-036X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Department of Agriculture \u2013 Agricultural Research Service - Plant Science, Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081682012"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516","https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"],"apc_list":{"value":1770,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1770},"apc_paid":{"value":1770,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1770},"fwci":0.4258,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53204928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"101278","last_page":"101278"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alfalfa","display_name":"alfalfa","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hollow-stem","display_name":"hollow stem","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stem-morphology","display_name":"stem morphology","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yolov8n","display_name":"YOLOv8n","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/otsu-thresholding","display_name":"Otsu thresholding","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-means-clustering","display_name":"K-means clustering","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"computer vision","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genotypic-variation","display_name":"genotypic variation","score":0.49399998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6018285155296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5675857663154602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47233477234840393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4424252212047577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4236885607242584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.324203222990036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.15360382199287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.12208044528961182}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238883","display_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","issn_l":"2772-3755","issn":["2772-3755"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8b677a510cb3470d8301db2ce631ea1f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8b677a510cb3470d8301db2ce631ea1f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology, Vol 12, Iss , Pp 101278- (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238883","display_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","issn_l":"2772-3755","issn":["2772-3755"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Agricultural Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.991100013256073}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1414108836","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-67021-3246","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1926450791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5062-21500-001-000D","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332605","funder_display_name":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2431079662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-67013-29171","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2791461342","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018-70005-28792","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3247349691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5062-21500-001-000D","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3685902252","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1014919","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332605","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966525331","https://openalex.org/W1967689836","https://openalex.org/W1992419399","https://openalex.org/W2006998945","https://openalex.org/W2017256963","https://openalex.org/W2058978089","https://openalex.org/W2064985253","https://openalex.org/W2067397277","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2110764733","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2185489349","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3126337491","https://openalex.org/W4225564708","https://openalex.org/W4249502209","https://openalex.org/W4307135222","https://openalex.org/W4319163914","https://openalex.org/W4319989440","https://openalex.org/W4361268530","https://openalex.org/W4388407526","https://openalex.org/W4388823657","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4393061563","https://openalex.org/W4393951598","https://openalex.org/W4398756379","https://openalex.org/W4398757418","https://openalex.org/W4401718082","https://openalex.org/W4406839730","https://openalex.org/W4407246016","https://openalex.org/W4409353840"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7081982646","https://openalex.org/W4417144481","https://openalex.org/W4407597852","https://openalex.org/W2770172697","https://openalex.org/W4403112419","https://openalex.org/W4407477398","https://openalex.org/W4400608741","https://openalex.org/W2801870720","https://openalex.org/W7159602980","https://openalex.org/W2975760530"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"alfalfa":[1],"stem":[2,25,72,101,107],"phenotyping":[3,37],"is":[4],"labor-intensive":[5],"and":[6,15,42,55,64,88,96,103,117,127,136],"susceptible":[7],"to":[8,34,58],"bias":[9],"from":[10],"subjective":[11],"ratings.":[12],"Computer":[13],"vision":[14],"machine":[16],"learning":[17],"present":[18],"a":[19,46,143],"promising":[20],"solution":[21],"for":[22],"objectively":[23],"assessing":[24],"morphology.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28],"proposed":[29],"an":[30,81],"AI-driven":[31],"image":[32],"analysis":[33,99],"replace":[35],"manual":[36],"methods":[38],"with":[39,52],"high":[40],"efficiency":[41],"accuracy.":[43],"We":[44],"developed":[45],"novel":[47],"pipeline":[48],"that":[49],"combines":[50],"YOLOv8n":[51],"Otsu\u2019s":[53],"thresholding":[54],"K-means":[56],"clustering":[57],"identify":[59],"the":[60,68,104],"medoids":[61],"of":[62,67,84,106,119],"internal":[63],"external":[65],"polygons":[66],"stem,":[69],"thereby":[70],"quantifying":[71],"traits":[73,113],"using":[74],"pixel-based":[75],"morphometric":[76],"masks.":[77],"The":[78],"approach":[79],"achieved":[80],"F1":[82],"score":[83,116],"0.91":[85],"in":[86],"detecting":[87],"classifying":[89],"hollow":[90,110],"or":[91],"solid":[92],"stems":[93],"across":[94],"plots":[95],"genotypes.":[97],"Further":[98],"measured":[100],"area":[102],"proportions":[105],"tissue":[108],"versus":[109],"regions,":[111],"generating":[112],"like":[114],"hollowness":[115],"percentage":[118],"hollowness.":[120],"These":[121],"stem-level":[122],"metrics":[123],"provide":[124],"novel,":[125],"objective,":[126],"quantitative":[128],"phenotypic":[129],"measurements,":[130],"supporting":[131],"ongoing":[132],"chemical":[133],"digestibility":[134,140],"analyses":[135],"enabling":[137],"real-time,":[138],"image-based":[139],"assessments":[141],"through":[142],"field-deployable":[144],"mobile":[145],"application.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}