{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412978014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021968672650040x","title":"Evaluating Lean Six Sigma Tools for Welding Engineering Applications: An Engineering Perspective","display_name":"Evaluating Lean Six Sigma Tools for Welding Engineering Applications: An Engineering Perspective","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412978014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021968672650040x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s021968672650040x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021968672650040x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021968672650040x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105779745","display_name":"Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems","issn_l":"0219-6867","issn":["0219-6867","1793-6896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://engrxiv.org/preprint/download/3865/8118","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053433958","display_name":"Divyansh Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-9182","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-9182"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Divyansh Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-9182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004023972","display_name":"Utkarsh Chadha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5044-3761","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5044-3761"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Utkarsh Chadha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada","Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5044-3761","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119218286","display_name":"Ashrita Samantula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4293-4972","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4293-4972"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashrita Samantula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4293-4972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113404120","display_name":"P. Anandha Prakash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0500-0098","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0500-0098"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratyush Prakash","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106983216","display_name":"Arshdeep Kaur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0049-2837","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0049-2837"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arshdeep Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0049-2837","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106983217","display_name":"Molly Code","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5370-0226","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5370-0226"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Molly Code","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5370-0226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106983218","display_name":"Gaurav Chhablani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Chhablani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108979888","display_name":"Sakshi Santosh Kumbhar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sakshi Santosh Kumbhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106983219","display_name":"Girish Yemul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0177-2314","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0177-2314"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Girish Yemul","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0177-2314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"R. Vezhavendhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-5514","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-5514"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Vezhavendhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-5514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085355140","display_name":"Won-Chol Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9340-1975","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9340-1975"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I344333522","display_name":"Kim Chaek University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04vew1z32","country_code":"KP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I344333522"]}],"countries":["KP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Won-Chol Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Kim Chaek University of Technology, 60 Kyogu, Pyongyang, Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9340-1975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Kim Chaek University of Technology, 60 Kyogu, Pyongyang, Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I344333522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6734,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89377401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"05","first_page":"997","last_page":"1034"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10164","display_name":"Quality and Supply Management","score":0.7949000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10164","display_name":"Quality and Supply Management","score":0.7949000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13706","display_name":"Management and Optimization Techniques","score":0.1177000030875206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12905","display_name":"Management Systems and Quality Improvement","score":0.048500001430511475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lean-six-sigma","display_name":"Lean Six Sigma","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welding-processes","display_name":"welding processes","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dmaic","display_name":"DMAIC","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-waste-reduction","display_name":"process waste reduction","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welding-defects","display_name":"weld defects","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-optimization","display_name":"process optimization","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-process-improvement","display_name":"production process improvement","score":0.4390000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23119410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236908","display_name":"Six Sigma","level":3,"score":0.7265002727508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509447","display_name":"Lean Six Sigma","level":4,"score":0.7099465131759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6637094020843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161272170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289076","display_name":"Design for Six Sigma","level":4,"score":0.6345333456993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19474535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172","display_name":"Welding","level":2,"score":0.5469217896461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.5466064810752869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5079122185707092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512234","display_name":"Sigma","level":2,"score":0.45389482378959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137335462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380772","display_name":"Lean manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.3790021240711212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3528103828430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3178277015686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0803774893283844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05706086754798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s021968672650040x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021968672650040x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021968672650040x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105779745","display_name":"Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems","issn_l":"0219-6867","issn":["0219-6867","1793-6896"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.31224/3865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31224/3865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31224/3865","pdf_url":"https://engrxiv.org/preprint/download/3865/8118","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/3865","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/3865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401210","display_name":"Engineering Archive (engrXiv)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31224/3865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31224/3865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31224/3865","pdf_url":"https://engrxiv.org/preprint/download/3865/8118","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412978014.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412978014.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499528960","https://openalex.org/W1798661771","https://openalex.org/W1965516122","https://openalex.org/W1980478912","https://openalex.org/W1982648106","https://openalex.org/W1999973809","https://openalex.org/W2005835065","https://openalex.org/W2034333075","https://openalex.org/W2034841571","https://openalex.org/W2074680085","https://openalex.org/W2083259827","https://openalex.org/W2089178774","https://openalex.org/W2130544398","https://openalex.org/W2134004675","https://openalex.org/W2148913507","https://openalex.org/W2229757605","https://openalex.org/W2528393264","https://openalex.org/W2547968724","https://openalex.org/W2582503583","https://openalex.org/W2729801942","https://openalex.org/W2765807037","https://openalex.org/W2783178745","https://openalex.org/W2793605784","https://openalex.org/W2898486358","https://openalex.org/W2903370630","https://openalex.org/W2945704034","https://openalex.org/W2949449957","https://openalex.org/W2999786769","https://openalex.org/W3006679041","https://openalex.org/W3013497202","https://openalex.org/W3109731549","https://openalex.org/W3119104981","https://openalex.org/W3124816712","https://openalex.org/W3133817982","https://openalex.org/W3198743670","https://openalex.org/W3207398301","https://openalex.org/W4200614558","https://openalex.org/W4231695146","https://openalex.org/W4252921851","https://openalex.org/W4281941063","https://openalex.org/W4317756808","https://openalex.org/W4318991442","https://openalex.org/W4327954999","https://openalex.org/W4379387227","https://openalex.org/W4380075521","https://openalex.org/W4385924949","https://openalex.org/W4386122203","https://openalex.org/W4402294942","https://openalex.org/W4409804760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389573731","https://openalex.org/W4390843935","https://openalex.org/W2143049038","https://openalex.org/W4415035506","https://openalex.org/W2605491768","https://openalex.org/W2979522735","https://openalex.org/W4403141444","https://openalex.org/W842074164","https://openalex.org/W2955302097","https://openalex.org/W4377101953"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Lean":[1],"Six":[2],"Sigma":[3],"(LSS)":[4],"framework":[5,130],"is":[6,90],"a":[7,104],"strategic":[8],"approach":[9],"to":[10,30,45,61,88,110,134],"managing":[11],"waste,":[12],"reducing":[13],"inefficiencies,":[14],"and":[15,35,54,67,80,98,140],"optimizing":[16,121],"manufacturing":[17],"processes,":[18,136],"such":[19,51],"as":[20,52],"those":[21],"in":[22,27,83,118],"welding.":[23],"Its":[24],"effectiveness":[25],"lies":[26],"its":[28],"ability":[29],"focus":[31],"on":[32,143],"minimizing":[33],"waste":[34,65],"precisely":[36],"directing":[37],"processes.":[38,86,123],"As":[39],"industrialization":[40],"progresses,":[41],"it":[42],"often":[43],"leads":[44],"the":[46,75,91,128,137],"depletion":[47],"of":[48],"natural":[49],"resources":[50],"water":[53],"land.":[55],"Many":[56],"welding":[57,85,122,135,146],"industries":[58],"have":[59],"yet":[60],"fully":[62],"implement":[63],"effective":[64],"control":[66],"process":[68,106],"regulation":[69],"strategies.":[70],"This":[71,124],"review":[72,125],"explores":[73],"how":[74,127],"LSS":[76,89,129],"methodology":[77],"can":[78],"address":[79],"mitigate":[81],"defects":[82],"industrial":[84],"Central":[87],"DMAIC":[92,113],"principle":[93],"(Define,":[94],"Measure,":[95],"Analyze,":[96],"Improve,":[97],"Control),":[99],"which":[100],"transforms":[101],"problem-solving":[102],"into":[103],"structured":[105],"with":[107],"specific":[108],"milestones":[109],"track":[111],"progress.":[112],"has":[114,131],"been":[115,132],"widely":[116],"applied":[117,133],"research":[119],"for":[120],"examines":[126],"improvements":[138],"observed,":[139],"provides":[141],"guidance":[142],"advancing":[144],"sustainable":[145],"practices.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}