{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412967129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.23-28","title":"IRISH POTATO PEEL AS A MAIZE SUBSTITUTE IN BROILER CHICKEN DIETS: IMPACTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS YIELD AND FEED COST","display_name":"IRISH POTATO PEEL AS A MAIZE SUBSTITUTE IN BROILER CHICKEN DIETS: IMPACTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS YIELD AND FEED COST","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412967129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.23-28"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.23-28","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.23-28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.23-28","pdf_url":"https://japes.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/journal/article/download/31/47","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407050274","display_name":"FUDMA Journal of Animal Production and Environmental Science","issn_l":"3092-8230","issn":["3092-8230","3092-8249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4404662838","host_organization_name":"Federal University, Dutsin-Ma","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4404662838"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Federal University, Dutsin-Ma"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"FUDMA Journal of Animal Production and Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://japes.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/journal/article/download/31/47","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094201709","display_name":"Yakubu Zakari IDRISSA","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130046622","display_name":"Yobe State University","ror":"https://ror.org/005ywxj74","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130046622"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y.Z. Idrissa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yobe State College of Agriculture Science and Technology Gujba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yobe State College of Agriculture Science and Technology Gujba","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130046622"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078974087","display_name":"I. B. Amaza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257910","display_name":"Federal University Gashua","ror":"https://ror.org/05t56sj93","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I.B. Amaza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A.R. Musa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257910","display_name":"Federal University Gashua","ror":"https://ror.org/05t56sj93","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.R. Musa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A.M. Garba","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254079","display_name":"Federal University of Agriculture Zuru","ror":"https://ror.org/01crmad49","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254079"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.M. Garba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Agriculture, Zuru, Kebbi State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Agriculture, Zuru, Kebbi State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114607592","display_name":"A. Y. Madaki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261249","display_name":"Federal Polytechnic Damaturu","ror":"https://ror.org/050fekj90","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261249"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.Y. Madaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Yobe State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Yobe State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261249"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000430722","display_name":"A. Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0315-0963","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0315-0963"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Health and production technology, Yobe State College of Agriculture Science and Technology Gujba"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Health and production technology, Yobe State College of Agriculture Science and Technology Gujba","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112007121","display_name":"Alhassan Mohammed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158556","display_name":"National Veterinary Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04h6axt23","country_code":"NG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158556"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257910","display_name":"Federal University Gashua","ror":"https://ror.org/05t56sj93","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria","National veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067057465","display_name":"M. H. Zango","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152770","display_name":"Kano State University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042rjfn67","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152770"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.H. Zango","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119214930","display_name":"H.G. Baraya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12789410","display_name":"Ahmadu Bello University","ror":"https://ror.org/019apvn83","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.G. Baraya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forestry Research Institute, Zaria. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forestry Research Institute, Zaria. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12789410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A. Mohmmed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257910","display_name":"Federal University Gashua","ror":"https://ror.org/05t56sj93","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Mohmmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119214929","display_name":"A.M. Kosoro","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257910","display_name":"Federal University Gashua","ror":"https://ror.org/05t56sj93","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.M. Kosoro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003682028","display_name":"O.J. Makinde","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257910","display_name":"Federal University Gashua","ror":"https://ror.org/05t56sj93","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O.J. Makinde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112007121","display_name":"Alhassan Mohammed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158556","display_name":"National Veterinary Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04h6axt23","country_code":"NG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158556"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257910","display_name":"Federal University Gashua","ror":"https://ror.org/05t56sj93","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria","National veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University Gashua, P.M.B 1005 Nguru Road, Gashua, Yobe, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257910"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14756565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"23","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10152","display_name":"Animal Nutrition and Physiology","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10152","display_name":"Animal Nutrition and Physiology","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10450","display_name":"Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10333","display_name":"Meat and Animal Product Quality","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maize-replacement","display_name":"maize replacement","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broiler-chickens","display_name":"broiler chickens","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growth-performance","display_name":"growth performance","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carcass-yield","display_name":"carcass yield","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-conversion-ratio","display_name":"feed conversion ratio","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-organ-weight","display_name":"internal organ weight","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-cost","display_name":"feed cost","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-energy-sources","display_name":"alternative energy","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poultry-feed-ingredients","display_name":"poultry feed ingredients","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-valorization","display_name":"waste valorization","score":0.49399998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780289900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326301","display_name":"Broiler","level":2,"score":0.8980754017829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22830521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649967","display_name":"Feed conversion ratio","level":3,"score":0.7795909643173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777176278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557828","display_name":"Starter","level":2,"score":0.7089453339576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5968310832977295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778345441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6460735","display_name":"Meal","level":2,"score":0.5859882831573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46254838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156536","display_name":"Completely randomized design","level":2,"score":0.5535680055618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.551898717880249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10675206","display_name":"Ingredient","level":2,"score":0.5110982060432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780320433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3403879","display_name":"Weight gain","level":3,"score":0.49055784940719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147583825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620876","display_name":"Body weight","level":2,"score":0.4430118203163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509243982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2836947","display_name":"Animal feed","level":2,"score":0.4156700074672699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.338303804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.2543894052505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.23-28","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.23-28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.23-28","pdf_url":"https://japes.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/journal/article/download/31/47","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407050274","display_name":"FUDMA Journal of Animal Production and Environmental Science","issn_l":"3092-8230","issn":["3092-8230","3092-8249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4404662838","host_organization_name":"Federal University, Dutsin-Ma","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4404662838"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Federal University, Dutsin-Ma"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"FUDMA Journal of Animal Production and Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.fudmajapes.com:article/31","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://japes.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/journal/article/view/31","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407050274","display_name":"FUDMA Journal of Animal Production and Environmental Science","issn_l":"3092-8230","issn":["3092-8230","3092-8249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4404662838","host_organization_name":"Federal University, Dutsin-Ma","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4404662838"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Federal University, Dutsin-Ma"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3092-8230","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.23-28","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.23-28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33003/japes.2025.v1i2.23-28","pdf_url":"https://japes.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/journal/article/download/31/47","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407050274","display_name":"FUDMA Journal of Animal Production and Environmental Science","issn_l":"3092-8230","issn":["3092-8230","3092-8249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4404662838","host_organization_name":"Federal University, Dutsin-Ma","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4404662838"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Federal University, Dutsin-Ma"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"FUDMA Journal of Animal Production and Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.833299994468689}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412967129.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412967129.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7217758664","https://openalex.org/W7164178116","https://openalex.org/W7165000397","https://openalex.org/W2622926473","https://openalex.org/W4403115881","https://openalex.org/W7071636843","https://openalex.org/W4403115908","https://openalex.org/W2914194882","https://openalex.org/W6907020048","https://openalex.org/W7216401348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"assessed":[2],"the":[3,19,48,132,146,158,164,172,185,196,210,222],"impact":[4],"of":[5,12,27,72,184,216,224],"partially":[6],"replacing":[7],"maize":[8,59],"with":[9,50,60,88,202],"graded":[10],"levels":[11],"Irish":[13,30,140],"potato":[14,31,141],"peel":[15,142],"meal":[16,143],"(IPPM)":[17,144],"on":[18],"growth":[20],"performance,":[21],"carcass":[22,120],"traits,":[23],"and":[24,38,66,93,99,125,175,188,208,229],"economic":[25],"efficiency":[26],"broiler":[28,76,235],"chickens.":[29],"peels":[32],"were":[33,78,101,129,190],"collected,":[34],"cleaned,":[35],"sun-dried,":[36],"milled,":[37],"incorporated":[39],"into":[40],"five":[41],"experimental":[42],"diets.":[43],"Diet":[44],"1":[45],"served":[46],"as":[47,226],"control":[49,159],"100%":[51],"maize,":[52],"while":[53],"Diets":[54],"2":[55],"through":[56],"5":[57],"replaced":[58],"IPPM":[61,198,204,225],"at":[62],"10%,":[63],"20%,":[64],"30%":[65],"40%":[67],"inclusion":[68],"levels.":[69],"A":[70],"total":[71],"105-day-old":[73],"Anak":[74],"2000":[75],"chicks":[77],"allocated":[79],"to":[80],"treatment":[81,92],"groups":[82],"in":[83,195,234],"a":[84,106],"completely":[85],"randomized":[86],"design,":[87],"three":[89],"replicates":[90],"per":[91,96,214],"21":[94],"birds":[95,135],"group.":[97,199],"Feed":[98],"water":[100],"provided":[102],"ad":[103],"libitum":[104],"over":[105],"42-day":[107],"feeding":[108],"trial.":[109],"Data":[110],"collected":[111],"includes":[112],"feed":[113,115,126,151,212],"intake,":[114],"refusals,":[116],"live":[117],"weight":[118,217],"changes,":[119],"weight,":[121],"internal":[122,180],"organ":[123,181],"weights,":[124],"ingredient":[127],"costs":[128],"recorded.":[130],"During":[131],"starter":[133],"phase,":[134],"receiving":[136],"diets":[137],"containing":[138],"20%":[139,197,203],"exhibited":[145],"highest":[147,165],"(P":[148,166,192],"<":[149,167,193],"0.05)":[150,168,194],"conversion":[152],"ratio":[153],"(FCR),":[154],"whereas":[155],"those":[156],"fed":[157],"diet":[160],"(0%":[161],"IPPM)":[162],"recorded":[163],"FCR":[169],"during":[170],"both":[171],"finisher":[173],"phase":[174],"overall":[176],"trial":[177],"period.":[178],"Notably,":[179],"weights":[182],"particularly":[183],"heart,":[186],"liver,":[187],"lungs":[189],"greater":[191],"Birds":[200],"supplemented":[201],"demonstrated":[205],"enhanced":[206],"performance":[207],"achieved":[209],"lowest":[211],"cost":[213],"kilogram":[215],"gain.":[218],"These":[219],"results":[220],"highlight":[221],"potential":[223],"an":[227],"effective":[228],"cost-efficient":[230],"alternative":[231],"energy":[232],"source":[233],"nutrition.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
