{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412935384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5378793","title":"All Quiet on the Fiscal Front? Off-Balance-Sheet Fiscal Agencies in the German War Economy, 1914-1918","display_name":"All Quiet on the Fiscal Front? Off-Balance-Sheet Fiscal Agencies in the German War Economy, 1914-1918","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412935384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5378793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5378793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5378793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5378793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5378793","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042952567","display_name":"Armin Haas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6599-2272","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6599-2272"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123239","display_name":"Global Climate Forum","ror":"https://ror.org/02tce8t86","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123239"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Climate Forum"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Climate Forum","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123239"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047524657","display_name":"Andrei Guter-Sandu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3143-6555","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3143-6555"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51601045","display_name":"University of Bath","ror":"https://ror.org/002h8g185","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrei Guter-Sandu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bath"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bath","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51601045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049561780","display_name":"Olan McEvoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6197-0640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6197-0640"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123239","display_name":"Global Climate Forum","ror":"https://ror.org/02tce8t86","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123239"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olan McEvoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Climate Forum"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Climate Forum","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123239"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070941005","display_name":"Steffen Murau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3460-0026","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3460-0026"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123239","display_name":"Global Climate Forum","ror":"https://ror.org/02tce8t86","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123239"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steffen Murau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University - Global Development Policy Center","Boston University - Global Development Policy Center, 53 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, United States","Free University of Berlin (FUB)","Free University of Berlin (FUB), Van't-Hoff-Str. 8, Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany","Global Climate Forum","Global Climate Forum, Neue Promenade 6, Berlin, 10178, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University - Global Development Policy Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University - Global Development Policy Center, 53 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Free University of Berlin (FUB)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Free University of Berlin (FUB), Van't-Hoff-Str. 8, Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Climate Forum","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123239"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Climate Forum, Neue Promenade 6, Berlin, 10178, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123239"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070941005"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046","https://openalex.org/I4210123239","https://openalex.org/I75951250"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11971","display_name":"World Wars: History, Literature, and Impact","score":0.45559999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11971","display_name":"World Wars: History, Literature, and Impact","score":0.45559999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.21199999749660492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11621","display_name":"Fiscal Policies and Political Economy","score":0.09769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-i","display_name":"World War I","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-war-economy","display_name":"German war economy","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-finance","display_name":"war finance","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-debt","display_name":"public debt","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reichsbank","display_name":"Reichsbank","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-owned-enterprises","display_name":"state-owned enterprises","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-associations","display_name":"trade associations","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monetary-architecture","display_name":"monetary architecture","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prussia","display_name":"Prussia","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332","display_name":"Front (military)","level":2,"score":0.6826369762420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.6584725975990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5965543389320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183206440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46834","display_name":"Balance sheet","level":2,"score":0.5753974318504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.45826655626296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.44684427976608276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992086627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8046","display_name":"German economy","level":3,"score":0.4319358468055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165556158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937","display_name":"Keynesian economics","level":1,"score":0.36955371499061584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.10320842266082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08564838767051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5378793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5378793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5378793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5378793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5378793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5378793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569172039","https://openalex.org/W579196806","https://openalex.org/W646580967","https://openalex.org/W653504940","https://openalex.org/W2037112150","https://openalex.org/W2111709710","https://openalex.org/W2265574387","https://openalex.org/W2278467077","https://openalex.org/W2280715616","https://openalex.org/W2292996692","https://openalex.org/W2299473512","https://openalex.org/W2467043381","https://openalex.org/W2493164860","https://openalex.org/W2497041422","https://openalex.org/W2502977485","https://openalex.org/W2739616044","https://openalex.org/W3033953839","https://openalex.org/W3034012291","https://openalex.org/W3154537524","https://openalex.org/W3206392856","https://openalex.org/W4213171849","https://openalex.org/W4233644301","https://openalex.org/W4249188285"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2970944459","https://openalex.org/W4402633123","https://openalex.org/W7062273109","https://openalex.org/W3026322343","https://openalex.org/W4401504406","https://openalex.org/W584966395","https://openalex.org/W2981133627","https://openalex.org/W2568993751","https://openalex.org/W4300061325","https://openalex.org/W7171707119"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
