{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412909366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mam/ozaf048.1113","title":"A Comparative Analysis of STEM Phase Retrieval Techniques: Evaluating Transfer of Information and Dose Efficiency","display_name":"A Comparative Analysis of STEM Phase Retrieval Techniques: Evaluating Transfer of Information and Dose Efficiency","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412909366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mam/ozaf048.1113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/mam/ozaf048.1113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mam/ozaf048.1113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mam/ozaf048.1113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98208149","display_name":"Microscopy and Microanalysis","issn_l":"1431-9276","issn":["1431-9276","1435-8115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Microscopy and Microanalysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/253210","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043991968","display_name":"Georgios Varnavides","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-3323","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8338-3323"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154492","display_name":"Molecular Foundry","ror":"https://ror.org/01fdhpk75","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4387154492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Varnavides","raw_affiliation_strings":["Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California Berkeley , CA","Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California Berkeley , CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I4387154492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006463823","display_name":"Stephanie M. Ribet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7117-066X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7117-066X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154492","display_name":"Molecular Foundry","ror":"https://ror.org/01fdhpk75","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4387154492"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie M Ribet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I4387154492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037267034","display_name":"Julie Marie Bekkevold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7591-0928","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7591-0928"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Marie Bekkevold","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, College Green , Dublin ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, College Green , Dublin ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054140111","display_name":"Berk K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcko\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5544-4392","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5544-4392"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berk K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcko\u011flu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences , EPFL, Lausanne ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences , EPFL, Lausanne ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022570818","display_name":"Henning Stahlberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1185-4592","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1185-4592"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henning Stahlberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences , EPFL, Lausanne ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences , EPFL, Lausanne ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007377789","display_name":"Lewys Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-0731","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-0731"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lewys Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, College Green , Dublin ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, College Green , Dublin ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012826031","display_name":"Mary Cooper Scott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9543-6725","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9543-6725"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154492","display_name":"Molecular Foundry","ror":"https://ror.org/01fdhpk75","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4387154492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary C Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley , CA","Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley , CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I4387154492"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006948939","display_name":"Colin Ophus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-8558"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin Ophus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043991968"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I4387154492","https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":{"value":3554,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3554},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"Supplement_1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10857","display_name":"Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1315","display_name":"Structural Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10857","display_name":"Advanced Electron Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1315","display_name":"Structural Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11183","display_name":"Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12039","display_name":"Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2508","display_name":"Surfaces, Coatings and Films"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/4d-stem","display_name":"4D-STEM","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast-transfer-function","display_name":"contrast transfer function","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-efficiency","display_name":"dose efficiency","score":0.5830000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4741216003894806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4358677566051483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.37054145336151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33772042393684387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.20582729578018188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/mam/ozaf048.1113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mam/ozaf048.1113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mam/ozaf048.1113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98208149","display_name":"Microscopy and Microanalysis","issn_l":"1431-9276","issn":["1431-9276","1435-8115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Microscopy and Microanalysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:20.500.14299/253210","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/253210","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","host_organization_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"research article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:20.500.14299/253210","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/253210","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","host_organization_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"research article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979653779","https://openalex.org/W1997581342","https://openalex.org/W2007593159","https://openalex.org/W2519802215","https://openalex.org/W2597987650","https://openalex.org/W2946591934","https://openalex.org/W4211133289","https://openalex.org/W4283327238","https://openalex.org/W4402540463","https://openalex.org/W4403496129","https://openalex.org/W4414448343"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407222630","https://openalex.org/W4411170639","https://openalex.org/W4386651393","https://openalex.org/W7165644086","https://openalex.org/W7158897857","https://openalex.org/W4416411603","https://openalex.org/W4412910540","https://openalex.org/W2742662189","https://openalex.org/W1801518737","https://openalex.org/W2066200146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconstructing":[0],"the":[1,109,134,151,168,178,185,203,209,215,220,233,236,248,254,279,285,293,299,312,341,363,420,438,441,449,459,469,500,541,561,609,635,639,660],"phase":[2,49,87,360,408,551,580,628,669],"information":[3,564],"of":[4,37,133,145,153,167,217,235,239,295,315,323,378,428,440,475,528,543,563,568,614,638,659,686],"weakly-scattering":[5],"samples":[6,405],"using":[7,34,571,594],"intensity":[8],"measurements":[9,45],"is":[10,43,108,189,251,282,287,321,337,348,367,404,434],"a":[11,35,352,429,452,601,621],"longstanding":[12],"problem":[13],"in":[14,33,51,291,303,381,540],"many":[15],"imaging":[16,58,107,155,296],"and":[17,27,75,81,94,102,120,129,141,156,181,193,250,261,267,320,409,418,461,467,478,516,524,554,574,642,656,678],"diffraction":[18,40,602],"fields,":[19],"including":[20],"electron":[21,161,415,476,495,506],"microscopy":[22],"[1,":[23],"2].":[24],"Recent":[25],"hardware":[26],"algorithmic":[28],"developments":[29],"have":[30,91],"renewed":[31],"interest":[32],"set":[36],"converged":[38,221,640],"probe":[39,255,641],"intensities,":[41],"that":[42,403],"4D-STEM":[44],"[3],":[46],"for":[47,184,247,413,451,464,486,566,578,626,649,667,676],"dose-efficient":[48],"retrieval":[50,88,552,629,670],"STEM.":[52],"These":[53,85],"include":[54],"integrated":[55],"center-of-mass":[56],"(iCOM)":[57],"[4],":[59],"tilt-corrected":[60],"bright-field":[61],"(tcBF)":[62],"STEM":[63,86,327,550,595,627,668],"[5],":[64],"as":[65,67,71,96,98,214,232,243,472,620],"well":[66,97],"direct":[68],"ptychography,":[69],"such":[70],"single-side":[72],"band":[73],"(SSB)":[74],"Wigner":[76],"distribution":[77],"deconvolution":[78],"(WDD)":[79],"[6-7],":[80],"iterative":[82,364,487,525],"ptychography":[83,148,173,365,488,526,679],"[8].":[84],"techniques":[89,149,553,570,645],"all":[90],"their":[92,576],"strengths":[93],"weaknesses,":[95],"distinct":[99],"experimental":[100,376,522,683],"acquisition":[101,556],"computational":[103],"reconstruction":[104,454],"requirements.":[105],"iCOM":[106,154,260,336],"most":[110],"computationally":[111,191],"inexpensive":[112],"technique":[113],"yet":[114,137,163,188],"suffers":[115],"from":[116,375],"low-spatial":[117],"frequency":[118,591],"artifacts":[119],"scan-step":[121],"limited":[122,324],"resolution.":[123],"tcBF":[124,262,523,677],"relaxes":[125],"scan":[126,605],"sampling":[127],"requirements":[128],"provides":[130],"robust":[131,158],"estimates":[132],"aberration":[135,256,280],"surface":[136,281],"exhibits":[138],"\u201cThon-like\u201d":[139,379],"oscillations":[140,380],"contrast":[142,210,630],"reversals":[143],"characteristic":[144],"HRTEM.":[146],"Direct":[147],"improve":[150],"fidelity":[152],"are":[157,519,538,646,680],"at":[159,195,317,504,531],"low":[160,197,494,589],"doses":[162,416],"require":[164],"precise":[165],"knowledge":[166],"often-unknown":[169],"incoming":[170],"illumination.":[171],"Iterative":[172],"offers":[174],"\u201csuper\u201d":[175],"resolution":[176],"beyond":[177],"numerical":[179,398,517],"aperture":[180,224],"can":[182,228,356,479,546,587],"solve":[183],"unknown":[186],"illumination":[187],"very":[190],"expensive":[192],"slow":[194],"converging":[196],"spatial":[198,590],"frequencies.":[199],"Figure":[200,456],"1":[201],"illustrates":[202,271,490],"above":[204],"observations":[205,377],"graphically":[206],"by":[207,253,593],"formulating":[208],"transfer":[211,565,631],"function":[212,246,257],"(CTF)":[213],"outcome":[216],"convolution":[218],"with":[219,344,406],"probe.":[222],"The":[223,426,484,514,535,672],"autocorrelation":[225],"function,":[226],"which":[227,347,372],"be":[229,264,370,388,481],"understood":[230],"geometrically":[231],"area":[234],"double-overlap":[237],"region":[238],"shifted":[240],"apertures,":[241],"acts":[242],"an":[244,288,304],"envelope":[245],"CTF":[249,286,366],"modulated":[252],"[9].":[258],"While":[259,284],"should":[263],"performed":[265],"in-focus":[266,650],"out-of-focus":[268],"respectively,":[269],"SSB":[270,501],"strong":[272],"signal":[273,302,662],"under":[274],"both":[275],"conditions":[276],"\u2013":[277],"provided":[278],"known.":[283],"important":[289],"tool":[290],"assessing":[292],"performance":[294],"techniques,":[297],"representing":[298],"maximum":[300],"usable":[301],"ideal":[305],"\u201cinfinite-dose\u201d":[306],"measurement,":[307],"it":[308,497,508],"fails":[309],"to":[310,326,339,369,387,437,510,604,618,663],"capture":[311],"inevitable":[313],"effect":[314],"finite-dose":[316],"realistic":[318],"detectors":[319,573],"thus":[322],"utility":[325],"practitioners.":[328],"As":[329],"two":[330],"simple":[331],"failure":[332],"modes,":[333],"notice":[334],"how":[335,463,544,585],"predicted":[338,368],"obtain":[340],"zero-frequency":[342],"component":[343],"high":[345],"fidelity,":[346],"inaccurate":[349],"since,":[350],"without":[351,448],"reference":[353,453,622],"wave,":[354],"we":[355,373,396,559,583,586],"only":[357],"measure":[358],"relative":[359],"changes.":[361],"Similarly,":[362],"unity,":[371],"know":[374],"biological":[382,529,687],"reconstructions":[383,527],"over":[384,616],"vitreous":[385],"ice":[386],"erroneous":[389],"(Fig.":[390],"2)":[391],"[10].":[392,534],"To":[393],"investigate":[394,560],"this,":[395],"perform":[397],"simulations":[399],"on":[400],"white-noise":[401,430],"objects,":[402],"random":[407],"constant":[410],"Fourier":[411],"amplitude,":[412],"various":[414],"repeatedly":[417],"compute":[419],"spectral":[421,661],"signal-to-noise":[422],"ratio":[423,665],"(SSNR)":[424,666],"[11].":[425],"choice":[427],"object":[431],"implies":[432],"this":[433],"trivially":[435],"related":[436],"square-root":[439],"recently":[442],"proposed":[443],"detective":[444],"quantum":[445],"efficiency":[446],"metric":[447],"need":[450],"[12].":[455],"2":[457],"summarizes":[458],"results":[460,518,537,658],"highlights":[462],"iCOM,":[465],"tcBF,":[466],"SSB,":[468],"SSNR":[470,485,502,536],"is,":[471],"expected,":[473],"independent":[474],"dose,":[477],"in-fact":[480],"modeled":[482],"analytically.":[483],"however,":[489],"curious":[491],"behavior:":[492],"At":[493],"doses,":[496,507],"asymptotically":[498],"approaches":[499],"while":[503,611],"higher":[505],"starts":[509],"\u201cfill-in\u201d":[511],"high-frequency":[512],"information.":[513],"analytical":[515,657],"compared":[520,681],"against":[521,682],"crystals":[530],"large":[532],"defocus":[533],"placed":[539],"context":[542],"practitioners":[545],"choose":[547],"between":[548],"different":[549,644],"design":[555],"parameters.":[557],"Moreover,":[558],"robustness":[562],"each":[567],"these":[569],"segmented":[572],"discuss":[575,584],"promise":[577],"sub-second":[579],"retrieval.":[581],"Finally,":[582],"boost":[588],"convergence":[592],"ptychographic":[596],"holography,":[597],"where":[598],"one":[599,613],"uses":[600],"grating":[603],"multiple":[606],"beams":[607],"across":[608],"sample":[610],"keeping":[612],"them":[615],"vacuum":[617],"act":[619],"[13].":[623],"Analytical":[624],"models":[625],"functions":[632],"(CTFs),":[633],"highlighting":[634],"convolutional":[636],"role":[637],"demonstrating":[643],"best":[647],"suited":[648],"/":[651],"defocused":[652],"acquisitions":[653],"respectively.":[654],"Numerical":[655],"noise":[664],"techniques.":[671],"derived":[673],"functional":[674],"forms":[675],"power":[684],"spectra":[685],"crystals.":[688]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}