{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412898899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","title":"Optimized Deep Learning Model for PM2.5 and PM10 Concentration Prediction in Formal ELV Recycling Zone: A Stacked LSTM-GRU Approach with Explainable AI","display_name":"Optimized Deep Learning Model for PM2.5 and PM10 Concentration Prediction in Formal ELV Recycling Zone: A Stacked LSTM-GRU Approach with Explainable AI","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412898899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738499402","display_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","issn_l":"0128-0198","issn":["0128-0198","2289-7526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-d","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322443","host_organization_name":"UKM Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UKM Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089162090","display_name":"Altaf Hossain Molla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7027-3395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7027-3395"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Altaf Hossain Molla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) , Bangi 43600 , Selangor , Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) , Bangi 43600 , Selangor , Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009189759","display_name":"Nizaroyani Saibani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-9276","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-9276"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nizaroyani Saibani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) , Bangi 43600 , Selangor , Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) , Bangi 43600 , Selangor , Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068002065","display_name":"Demiral Akbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-1885","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-1885"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155103","display_name":"Ostim Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/049xhb141","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155103"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Demiral Akbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering , OST\u0130M Technical University , OST\u0130M , Ankara 06374 , Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering , OST\u0130M Technical University , OST\u0130M , Ankara 06374 , Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043879473","display_name":"Eslam Reda Lotfy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-3494","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-3494"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eslam Reda Lotfy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060343345","display_name":"Muhamad Zameri Mat Saman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-7370","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-7370","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5142-4925"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhamad Zameri Mat Saman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) , Johor 81310 , Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) , Johor 81310 , Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059800552","display_name":"Zambri Harun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8715-3314","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8715-3314"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zambri Harun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) , Bangi 43600 , Selangor , Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) , Bangi 43600 , Selangor , Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4792,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55112278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"4","first_page":"2025","last_page":"2033"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm2-5-prediction","display_name":"PM2.5 forecasting","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm10-prediction","display_name":"PM10 prediction","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-of-life-vehicle-recycling","display_name":"end-of-life vehicle recycling","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-forecasting","display_name":"air quality forecasting","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-optimization","display_name":"Bayesian optimization","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"hyperparameter optimization","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorological-variables","display_name":"meteorological parameters","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-importance","display_name":"feature importance","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-air-pollution","display_name":"industrial air pollution","score":0.8949999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5759672522544861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4982726573944092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4367785155773163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.36337706446647644}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738499402","display_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","issn_l":"0128-0198","issn":["0128-0198","2289-7526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-d","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322443","host_organization_name":"UKM Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UKM Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2025-37(4)-39","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738499402","display_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","issn_l":"0128-0198","issn":["0128-0198","2289-7526"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-d","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322443","host_organization_name":"UKM Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322443"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["UKM Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Jurnal Kejuruteraan","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6773999929428101,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412898899.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412898899.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3027059498","https://openalex.org/W3088021634","https://openalex.org/W3115103108","https://openalex.org/W4304776395","https://openalex.org/W4309710900","https://openalex.org/W4312760324","https://openalex.org/W4322619709","https://openalex.org/W4324129077","https://openalex.org/W4381250019","https://openalex.org/W4384695078","https://openalex.org/W4384936350","https://openalex.org/W4385077223","https://openalex.org/W4386187721","https://openalex.org/W4387938282","https://openalex.org/W4390558494","https://openalex.org/W4391155109","https://openalex.org/W4391476989","https://openalex.org/W4391825343","https://openalex.org/W4400108872","https://openalex.org/W4400410226","https://openalex.org/W4401991654","https://openalex.org/W4402526583","https://openalex.org/W4402997388","https://openalex.org/W4404520520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414039660","https://openalex.org/W4412791159","https://openalex.org/W7171651682","https://openalex.org/W4416777282","https://openalex.org/W7134923266","https://openalex.org/W3165587315","https://openalex.org/W4312556716","https://openalex.org/W4410812636","https://openalex.org/W7202048646","https://openalex.org/W4412001096"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,184],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,43],"optimized":[4],"and":[5,13,26,38,55,108,126,137,146,156,201],"explainable":[6],"stacked":[7],"LSTM-GRU":[8],"model":[9,30,61,80,89,97,115],"for":[10,81,103,106,110,144,161],"predicting":[11],"PM2.5":[12,145],"PM10":[14,147],"concentrations":[15],"in":[16,121,124,128,194],"a":[17,49,187],"formal":[18],"End-of-Life":[19],"Vehicle":[20],"(ELV)":[21],"recycling":[22],"zone":[23],"using":[24,33],"multivariate":[25],"multioutput":[27],"dataset.":[28],"The":[29,67,84,149,165],"was":[31,71],"developed":[32,45],"sensor":[34],"data":[35],"of":[36,48,51,59,78,101,119,134,167],"weather":[37],"pollution":[39],"parameters":[40,143],"collected":[41],"through":[42],"in-house":[44],"device,":[46],"consisting":[47],"set":[50],"highly":[52],"precise":[53],"sensors":[54],"enhanced":[56],"the":[57,60,76,79,88,96,114,132,152,173],"interpretability":[58],"with":[62,141],"Explainable":[63,168],"AI":[64,169],"(XAI)":[65],"techniques.":[66],"Bayesian":[68],"optimization":[69],"technique":[70],"employed":[72],"to":[73,172,190],"accurately":[74],"fine-tune":[75],"hyperparameters":[77],"greater":[82],"accuracy.":[83],"results":[85,150],"show":[86],"that":[87],"significantly":[90],"outperforms":[91],"baseline":[92],"models.":[93],"For":[94,112],"PM2.5,":[95],"shows":[98],"performance":[99,117],"improvements":[100,118],"66.75%":[102],"MAE,":[104,122],"81.59%":[105],"MSE,":[107,125],"66.68%":[109],"MAPE.":[111,129],"PM10,":[113],"demonstrates":[116],"64.45%":[120],"81.64%":[123],"63.65%":[127],"XAI":[130],"reveals":[131],"dominance":[133],"past":[135],"values":[136],"decomposition":[138],"components,":[139],"along":[140],"meteorological":[142],"predictions.":[148],"demonstrate":[151],"model\u2019s":[153,174],"superior":[154],"accuracy":[155,200],"interpretability,":[157],"offering":[158,197],"valuable":[159],"insights":[160,180],"air":[162,191],"quality":[163,192],"management.":[164],"integration":[166],"further":[170],"contributes":[171,186],"practical":[175],"utility":[176],"by":[177],"providing":[178],"transparent":[179],"into":[181],"feature":[182],"importance.":[183],"research":[185],"novel":[188],"approach":[189],"prediction":[193],"industrial":[195],"settings,":[196],"both":[198],"improved":[199],"actionable":[202],"insights.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2025-08-04T00:00:00"}
