{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412840320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494","title":"Lifecycle Cost and Carbon Emissions Evaluation of Electric and Gasoline Vehicles in Kathmandu: A Case Study of the TATA Nexon","display_name":"Lifecycle Cost and Carbon Emissions Evaluation of Electric and Gasoline Vehicles in Kathmandu: A Case Study of the TATA Nexon","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412840320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404664252","display_name":"International  Journal on Engineering Technology and Infrastructure Development.","issn_l":"3021-999X","issn":["3021-999X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Engineering Technology and Infrastructure Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4412840320"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rush Pradhan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155028946","display_name":"Tribhuvan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg1r889","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405284132","display_name":"Institute of Engineering Thapathali Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/02zdzt011","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4210129773","https://openalex.org/I4405284132"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rush Pradhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, IOE Thapathali Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, IOE Thapathali Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4405284132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121907004","display_name":"Binaya Kumar Lamichhane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5160-9760","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5160-9760"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155028946","display_name":"Tribhuvan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg1r889","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405284132","display_name":"Institute of Engineering Thapathali Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/02zdzt011","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4210129773","https://openalex.org/I4405284132"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binaya Kumar Lamichhane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, IOE Thapathali Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, IOE Thapathali Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4405284132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shristi Pandey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155028946","display_name":"Tribhuvan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg1r889","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405284132","display_name":"Institute of Engineering Thapathali Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/02zdzt011","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4210129773","https://openalex.org/I4405284132"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shristi Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, IOE Thapathali Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, IOE Thapathali Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4405284132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119157273","display_name":"Pitambar Chaulagain","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155028946","display_name":"Tribhuvan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg1r889","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405284132","display_name":"Institute of Engineering Thapathali Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/02zdzt011","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4210129773","https://openalex.org/I4405284132"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pitambar Chaulagain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, IOE Thapathali Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, IOE Thapathali Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4405284132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"208","last_page":"216"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14138","display_name":"Life Cycle Costing Analysis","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicles","display_name":"electric vehicles","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gasoline-vehicles","display_name":"gasoline vehicles","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-cost-of-ownership","display_name":"total cost of ownership","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kathmandu-valley","display_name":"Kathmandu Valley","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-prices","display_name":"fuel prices","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-tariffs","display_name":"electricity tariffs","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-purchase-costs","display_name":"vehicle purchase costs","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintenance-costs","display_name":"maintenance costs","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-analysis","display_name":"sensitivity analysis","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-transport","display_name":"urban transport","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-emissions","display_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","score":0.6110000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103697071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39558","display_name":"Gasoline","level":2,"score":0.8120167255401611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.5010051727294922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4413440227508545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.43748387694358826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3041829466819763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25523054599761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19962626695632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404664252","display_name":"International  Journal on Engineering Technology and Infrastructure Development.","issn_l":"3021-999X","issn":["3021-999X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Engineering Technology and Infrastructure Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nepjol.info:article/82494","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/injetindev/article/view/82494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404664252","display_name":"International  Journal on Engineering Technology and Infrastructure Development.","issn_l":"3021-999X","issn":["3021-999X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3021-999X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3126/injet-indev.v2i1.82494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404664252","display_name":"International  Journal on Engineering Technology and Infrastructure Development.","issn_l":"3021-999X","issn":["3021-999X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Engineering Technology and Infrastructure Development","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.9333000183105469,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5690000057220459,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293114712","https://openalex.org/W7196937723","https://openalex.org/W7132830836","https://openalex.org/W7137994176","https://openalex.org/W4281966416","https://openalex.org/W4405950093","https://openalex.org/W3086608179","https://openalex.org/W7154945285","https://openalex.org/W4401188915","https://openalex.org/W7118123047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,29,76,173],"rising":[1],"global":[2],"concern":[3],"about":[4],"greenhouse":[5],"gas":[6],"emissions":[7,212],"and":[8,41,60,73,88,101,125,128,160,195],"the":[9,16,33,38,65,80,94,102,118,165,176],"economic":[10,111],"burden":[11],"of":[12,32,44,64,83,168,185],"fossil":[13],"fuels":[14],"underscores":[15],"need":[17],"for":[18,98,106],"sustainable":[19],"transportation":[20],"solutions,":[21],"particularly":[22],"in":[23,55,70,138,156],"densely":[24],"populated":[25],"cities":[26],"like":[27],"Kathmandu.":[28],"main":[30],"aim":[31],"study":[34],"is":[35],"to":[36,49,134,144,152,192,210],"evaluate":[37],"cost":[39,112,167],"efficiency":[40],"environmental":[42],"impact":[43,164],"electric":[45,74],"vehicles":[46,53],"(EVs)":[47],"compared":[48],"internal":[50],"combustion":[51],"engine":[52],"(ICEVs)":[54],"Kathmandu":[56],"Valley,":[57],"focusing":[58],"on":[59],"using":[61,91],"a":[62,180,207],"case":[63],"TATA":[66],"Nexon":[67],"XZ+":[68],"models":[69],"both":[71],"petrol":[72],"variants.":[75],"analysis":[77,149],"involved":[78],"calculating":[79],"Total":[81],"Cost":[82],"Ownership":[84],"per":[85,170,188],"kilometer":[86,171],"(TCO/km)":[87],"CO2":[89,211],"emissions,":[90,206],"data":[92],"from":[93,213],"Nepal":[95,103],"Oil":[96],"Corporation":[97],"fuel":[99,194],"prices":[100,163],"Electricity":[104],"Authority":[105],"electricity":[107],"tariffs.":[108],"A":[109,147],"detailed":[110],"model":[113],"was":[114,150],"used,":[115],"which":[116],"included":[117],"initial":[119,161],"purchase":[120,162],"costs,":[121],"ongoing":[122],"operational":[123],"expenses,":[124],"maintenance":[126,196],"fees":[127],"all":[129],"these":[130],"costs":[131],"were":[132],"adjusted":[133],"reflect":[135],"their":[136],"value":[137],"today's":[139],"terms":[140],"by":[141,203],"discounting":[142],"them":[143],"present":[145],"values.":[146],"sensitivity":[148],"conducted":[151],"investigate":[153],"how":[154],"variations":[155],"annual":[157],"kilometers":[158],"traveled":[159],"total":[166],"ownership":[169],"(TCO/km).":[172],"findings":[174],"reveal":[175],"EV":[177],"variant":[178],"offers":[179],"lower":[181,193],"TCO/km,":[182],"achieving":[183],"savings":[184],"Rs.":[186],"22.6":[187],"km,":[189],"primarily":[190],"due":[191],"costs.":[197],"Environmentally,":[198],"EVs":[199],"offer":[200],"substantial":[201],"benefits":[202],"eliminating":[204],"tailpipe":[205],"major":[208],"contributor":[209],"petrolvehicles.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
