{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412770957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70233","title":"A Narrative Review of Four\u2010Membered Heterocycles in Next\u2010Generation Energy Conversion and Storage","display_name":"A Narrative Review of Four\u2010Membered Heterocycles in Next\u2010Generation Energy Conversion and Storage","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412770957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/est2.70233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70233","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199075","display_name":"Energy Storage","issn_l":"2578-4862","issn":["2578-4862"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Storage","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113709585","display_name":"Alberto A. Boretti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3374-0238","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3374-0238"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Boretti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Scientist, Wellington, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3374-0238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Scientist, Wellington, New Zealand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027706023","display_name":"Bimal Krishna Banik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7873-9062","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7873-9062"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bimal Banik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113709585"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3460,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3460},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1676,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17267348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10281","display_name":"Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies","score":0.11819999665021896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10281","display_name":"Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies","score":0.11819999665021896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13208","display_name":"Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds","score":0.09700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10806","display_name":"Energetic Materials and Combustion","score":0.0828000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/four-membered-heterocycles","display_name":"four-membered heterocycles","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azetidines","display_name":"azetidines","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxetanes","display_name":"oxetanes","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thietanes","display_name":"thietanes","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-strain","display_name":"ring strain","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-solar-cells","display_name":"organic solar cells","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-linking","display_name":"crosslinking","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-sulfur-batteries","display_name":"lithium-sulfur batteries","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solid-electrolytes","display_name":"solid electrolytes","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-exchange-membranes","display_name":"proton exchange membranes","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cells","display_name":"fuel cells","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage-materials","display_name":"energy storage materials","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-conversion-materials","display_name":"energy conversion materials","score":0.7409999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.6190267205238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.5456060767173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.434001624584198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.37469908595085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18082472681999207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.17499029636383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1743232011795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.16368237137794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.06445437669754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/est2.70233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70233","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199075","display_name":"Energy Storage","issn_l":"2578-4862","issn":["2578-4862"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Storage","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974789788","https://openalex.org/W1995004090","https://openalex.org/W2000941144","https://openalex.org/W2010127852","https://openalex.org/W2014836882","https://openalex.org/W2044263111","https://openalex.org/W2069764649","https://openalex.org/W2080421991","https://openalex.org/W2105761150","https://openalex.org/W2115659326","https://openalex.org/W2126966217","https://openalex.org/W2127174912","https://openalex.org/W2151856161","https://openalex.org/W2163483938","https://openalex.org/W2169211003","https://openalex.org/W2220719432","https://openalex.org/W2295234361","https://openalex.org/W2325836288","https://openalex.org/W2346843506","https://openalex.org/W2511623462","https://openalex.org/W2587767928","https://openalex.org/W2616949659","https://openalex.org/W2900978328","https://openalex.org/W2945437625","https://openalex.org/W2991243995","https://openalex.org/W2993456323","https://openalex.org/W3121472972","https://openalex.org/W3137916538","https://openalex.org/W3204102558","https://openalex.org/W4256654262","https://openalex.org/W4281398011","https://openalex.org/W4286457109","https://openalex.org/W4293177339","https://openalex.org/W4294992759","https://openalex.org/W4296137555","https://openalex.org/W4301490812","https://openalex.org/W4316812860","https://openalex.org/W4318832873","https://openalex.org/W4321789519","https://openalex.org/W4324143345","https://openalex.org/W4361990283","https://openalex.org/W4384207557","https://openalex.org/W4385449492","https://openalex.org/W4386335973","https://openalex.org/W4386859997","https://openalex.org/W4388723415","https://openalex.org/W4389782208","https://openalex.org/W4389993059","https://openalex.org/W4390964188","https://openalex.org/W4391543097","https://openalex.org/W4392782750","https://openalex.org/W4394019291","https://openalex.org/W4396780367","https://openalex.org/W4399176786","https://openalex.org/W4399352749"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7148657545","https://openalex.org/W7161306209","https://openalex.org/W7148240459","https://openalex.org/W4411222285","https://openalex.org/W4391408369","https://openalex.org/W4390920778","https://openalex.org/W4253189778","https://openalex.org/W4412653925","https://openalex.org/W4200553569","https://openalex.org/W7204719022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"This":[1,180],"narrative":[2,181],"review":[3,182],"critically":[4],"examines":[5],"the":[6,22,66,113,187,192,218,245,257,266],"emerging":[7],"and":[8,19,29,47,65,101,117,149,171,200,204,208,221,230],"potential":[9,156,247],"applications":[10],"of":[11,26,37,115,223,248,259],"four\u2010membered":[12,250],"heterocyclic":[13],"compounds,":[14],"specifically":[15],"azetidines,":[16],"oxetanes,":[17],"thietanes,":[18],"phosphetanes,":[20],"in":[21,78,94,119,126,133,163,252],"rapidly":[23],"evolving":[24],"field":[25],"energy":[27,57,228,254,268],"conversion":[28,109],"storage":[30],"technologies.":[31],"We":[32],"provide":[33,239],"a":[34,240],"focused":[35],"analysis":[36],"their":[38,83],"unique":[39],"structural":[40],"features,":[41],"inherent":[42],"ring":[43],"strain,":[44],"electronic":[45],"properties,":[46],"functional":[48],"versatility":[49],"that":[50],"make":[51],"them":[52],"intriguing":[53],"candidates":[54,157],"for":[55,123,143,158,194,198,243],"advanced":[56],"materials.":[58],"The":[59],"discussion":[60],"highlights":[61],"key":[62],"research":[63,189,233],"questions":[64],"methodologies":[67],"being":[68],"employed":[69],"to":[70,91,106,238],"address":[71],"them.":[72],"Oxetanes":[73],"have":[74],"demonstrated":[75],"notable":[76],"success":[77],"organic":[79],"photovoltaics":[80],"(OPVs),":[81],"where":[82],"incorporation,":[84],"often":[85],"via":[86],"cross\u2010linking":[87],"strategies,":[88],"has":[89],"led":[90],"documented":[92],"enhancements":[93],"light":[95],"absorption,":[96],"charge":[97],"transport,":[98],"morphological":[99],"stability,":[100,148,173],"overall":[102],"device":[103],"longevity,":[104],"contributing":[105],"improved":[107],"power":[108],"efficiencies.":[110],"In":[111],"contrast,":[112],"exploration":[114],"thietanes":[116],"phosphetanes":[118],"battery":[120,199],"technologies,":[121,255],"particularly":[122,191],"stabilizing":[124],"electrolytes":[125],"lithium\u2013sulfur":[127],"(Li\u2013S)":[128],"batteries":[129],"or":[130],"as":[131],"components":[132],"solid\u2010state":[134],"electrolytes,":[135],"remains":[136],"largely":[137],"developmental":[138],"but":[139],"holds":[140],"significant":[141],"promise":[142],"improving":[144],"ionic":[145],"conductivity,":[146],"interfacial":[147],"cycle":[150],"life.":[151],"Similarly,":[152],"azetidines":[153],"are":[154],"considered":[155],"proton":[159,169],"exchange":[160],"membranes":[161],"(PEMs)":[162],"fuel":[164,201],"cells,":[165],"potentially":[166],"offering":[167],"enhanced":[168],"conductivity":[170],"thermal":[172],"although":[174],"experimental":[175,196],"validation":[176,197],"is":[177],"less":[178],"advanced.":[179],"synthesizes":[183],"current":[184],"knowledge,":[185],"underscores":[186],"critical":[188],"gaps,":[190],"need":[193],"more":[195],"cell":[202],"applications,":[203],"discusses":[205],"functionalization":[206],"strategies":[207],"computational":[209],"modeling":[210],"efforts":[211],"aimed":[212],"at":[213],"optimizing":[214],"performance.":[215],"By":[216],"comparing":[217],"distinct":[219],"roles":[220],"potentials":[222],"these":[224],"heterocycles":[225],"across":[226],"different":[227],"systems":[229],"outlining":[231],"future":[232],"directions,":[234],"this":[235,261],"work":[236],"aims":[237],"valuable":[241],"roadmap":[242],"unlocking":[244],"full":[246],"strained":[249],"rings":[251],"next\u2010generation":[253],"highlighting":[256],"novelty":[258],"consolidating":[260],"specific":[262],"chemical":[263],"class":[264],"within":[265],"broad":[267],"landscape.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
