{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412531237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88453","title":"Association Between Environmental Risk Factors and Asthma Control Among Hospitalized Children With Recurrent Wheezing: A Cross-Sectional Study","display_name":"Association Between Environmental Risk Factors and Asthma Control Among Hospitalized Children With Recurrent Wheezing: A Cross-Sectional Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412531237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88453","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40842803","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12367234"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.88453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88453","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/384239-association-between-environmental-risk-factors-and-asthma-control-among-hospitalized-children-with-recurrent-wheezing-a-cross-sectional-study.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4412531237"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/384239-association-between-environmental-risk-factors-and-asthma-control-among-hospitalized-children-with-recurrent-wheezing-a-cross-sectional-study.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Attique Manzoor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Attique Manzoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine and Surgery, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, PAK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine and Surgery, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, PAK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hamza A Chaudhry","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799345741","display_name":"CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry","ror":"https://ror.org/0381dt953","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799345741"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamza A Chaudhry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine, Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Islamabad, PAK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine, Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Islamabad, PAK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799345741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119028105","display_name":"Jain Ambo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177739611","display_name":"Yangtze University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhmhz54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jain Ambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pediatric Medicine, Yangtze University, Wuhan, CHN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pediatric Medicine, Yangtze University, Wuhan, CHN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116589066","display_name":"Shaheera Raghib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2303-3208","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2303-3208"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974024","display_name":"Baqai Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2x9m21","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974024"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaheera Raghib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pediatric Medicine, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, PAK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pediatric Medicine, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, PAK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Saadia Karim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saadia Karim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pediatric Medicine, Pakistan Navy Station (PNS) Shifa, Karachi, PAK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pediatric Medicine, Pakistan Navy Station (PNS) Shifa, Karachi, PAK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sushmitha Reddy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sushmitha Reddy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pediatric Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Medical College, Mysore, IND"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pediatric Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Medical College, Mysore, IND","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101302752","display_name":"Maria Arshad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205173300","display_name":"Allama Iqbal Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04vhsg885","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205173300"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160873","display_name":"Bishkek Academy of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtznh26","country_code":"KG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160873"]}],"countries":["KG","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Community Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, PAK","Internal Medicine, Adam University, Bishkek, KGZ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Community Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, PAK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205173300"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internal Medicine, Adam University, Bishkek, KGZ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160873"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093620650","display_name":"Mahek Thorani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259367","display_name":"People's University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women","ror":"https://ror.org/024m1xa82","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259367"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahek Thorani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internal Medicine, People's University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, PAK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internal Medicine, People's University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, PAK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072211857","display_name":"Muhammad Umer Arshad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-2249","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-2249"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205173300","display_name":"Allama Iqbal Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04vhsg885","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205173300"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160873","display_name":"Bishkek Academy of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04xtznh26","country_code":"KG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160873"]}],"countries":["KG","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Rahim Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Community Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, PAK","Internal Medicine, Adam University, Bishkek, KGZ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Community Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, PAK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205173300"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internal Medicine, Adam University, Bishkek, KGZ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160873"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114135292","display_name":"Fathima Farzana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fathima Farzana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medicine, GSM Medical Centre, Dubai, ARE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medicine, GSM Medical Centre, Dubai, ARE","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"7","first_page":"e88453","last_page":"e88453"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10051","display_name":"Asthma and respiratory diseases","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10051","display_name":"Asthma and respiratory diseases","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12208","display_name":"Occupational exposure and asthma","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childhood-asthma","display_name":"childhood asthma","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asthma-control","display_name":"asthma control","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-wheezing","display_name":"recurrent wheezing","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-risk-factors","display_name":"environmental risk factors","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-smoking","display_name":"indoor smoking","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass-fuel-use","display_name":"biomass fuel use","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pet-exposure","display_name":"pet exposure","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitalized-children","display_name":"hospitalized children","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistan","display_name":"Pakistan","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caregiver-education","display_name":"caregiver education","score":0.5979999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.975723385810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.7915192246437073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776042228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35869","display_name":"Asthma","level":2,"score":0.6870830059051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.5429231524467468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.46670863032341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46514949202537537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.4313296675682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.20535734295845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.06498581171035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.88453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88453","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/384239-association-between-environmental-risk-factors-and-asthma-control-among-hospitalized-children-with-recurrent-wheezing-a-cross-sectional-study.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40842803","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40842803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12367234","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12367234/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.88453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88453","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/384239-association-between-environmental-risk-factors-and-asthma-control-among-hospitalized-children-with-recurrent-wheezing-a-cross-sectional-study.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412531237.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412531237.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576807082","https://openalex.org/W1841375013","https://openalex.org/W1970397466","https://openalex.org/W1976170536","https://openalex.org/W1990253964","https://openalex.org/W2022405720","https://openalex.org/W2041272141","https://openalex.org/W2044265650","https://openalex.org/W2124018446","https://openalex.org/W2142742142","https://openalex.org/W2143846081","https://openalex.org/W2146922478","https://openalex.org/W2160302514","https://openalex.org/W2161826873","https://openalex.org/W2162689162","https://openalex.org/W2164396833","https://openalex.org/W2192638272","https://openalex.org/W2250837309","https://openalex.org/W2508026357","https://openalex.org/W2897615098","https://openalex.org/W2902952264","https://openalex.org/W2903176882","https://openalex.org/W4281388640","https://openalex.org/W4288758543","https://openalex.org/W4295064319","https://openalex.org/W4406978755"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412391449","https://openalex.org/W4297835423","https://openalex.org/W6931086861","https://openalex.org/W2621053174","https://openalex.org/W2977423855","https://openalex.org/W7203795145","https://openalex.org/W4289536973","https://openalex.org/W3106888872","https://openalex.org/W4405883618","https://openalex.org/W7169733114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Asthma":[1,112,121],"is":[2],"among":[3,41],"the":[4,27,33,57,111,117,165,309],"most":[5],"prevalent":[6],"chronic":[7],"respiratory":[8],"conditions":[9],"in":[10,22,51,65,82,124,148,300,328,332],"childhood,":[11],"and":[12,37,62,79,116,122,159,170,181,211,241,258,293,297,316],"environmental":[13,60,168,200,256,267,285,325],"causes":[14],"are":[15,49],"suspected":[16],"mainly":[17],"to":[18,91,131,163,322],"play":[19],"a":[20,100,108],"role":[21],"poor":[23],"asthma":[24,40,63,171,193,221,259,273,298,330],"control.":[25,172,274],"Despite":[26],"worldwide":[28],"evidence,":[29],"localized":[30],"investigations":[31],"appraising":[32],"ecological":[34],"risk":[35,201,257,326],"factors":[36,327],"consequences":[38],"of":[39,47,102,120,234],"hospitalized":[42,94,301],"children":[43,95,302],"having":[44],"recurrent":[45,103,304],"episodes":[46],"wheezing":[48],"unavailable":[50],"Pakistan.":[52,86,333],"The":[53,174,306],"current":[54],"study":[55,73,277],"investigates":[56],"relationship":[58],"between":[59,76,167,255,284],"exposures":[61,169],"control":[64,194,222,260,299],"this":[66],"high-risk":[67],"pediatric":[68,329],"population.":[69],"METHODS:":[70],"This":[71,276],"cross-sectional":[72],"was":[74,89,146,195,253,269],"conducted":[75],"February":[77],"2025":[78,81],"May":[80],"various":[83],"hospitals":[84],"across":[85],"Convenience":[87],"sampling":[88],"used":[90,130,147],"enroll":[92],"385":[93],"aged":[96],"5-17":[97],"years":[98],"with":[99,271,303],"history":[101],"wheezing.":[104,305],"Three":[105],"instruments,":[106],"namely":[107],"demographic":[109],"form,":[110],"Control":[113],"Questionnaire":[114],"(ACQ),":[115],"International":[118],"Study":[119],"Allergies":[123],"Childhood":[125],"(ISAAC)":[126],"Environmental":[127],"Questionnaire,":[128],"were":[129],"collect":[132],"data":[133],"through":[134],"structured":[135],"caregiver":[136,319],"interviews.":[137],"IBM":[138,144],"SPSS":[139],"version":[140],"26":[141],"(Armonk,":[142],"NY:":[143],"Corp.)":[145],"statistical":[149],"analyses,":[150],"which":[151],"included":[152,177,228],"descriptive":[153],"statistics,":[154],"t-tests,":[155],"ANOVA,":[156],"Pearson":[157],"correlation,":[158],"multiple":[160],"linear":[161,187],"regression,":[162],"assess":[164],"correlations":[166],"RESULTS:":[173],"sample":[175],"(n=385)":[176],"male":[178],"(206,":[179],"53%)":[180],"female":[182,212],"(179,":[183],"47%)":[184],"participants.":[185],"Multiple":[186],"regression":[188],"analysis":[189],"revealed":[190],"that":[191,217,265],"poorer":[192,272],"significantly":[196],"predicted":[197],"by":[198],"higher":[199],"scores":[202,261],"(\u03b2":[203,237],"=":[204,238],"-0.120,":[205],"p=0.006),":[206],"younger":[207],"age":[208],"(\u03b2=0.115,":[209],"p=0.003),":[210,232,240],"gender":[213],"(\u03b2=0.110,":[214],"p=0.009),":[215],"indicating":[216],"females":[218],"had":[219],"worse":[220],"than":[223],"males.":[224],"Other":[225],"significant":[226,250,280],"predictors":[227],"indoor":[229,289],"smoking":[230],"(\u03b2=0.140,":[231],"use":[233],"wood/coal":[235],"fuel":[236,295],"-0.170,":[239],"pet":[242,291],"exposure":[243,268],"(\u03b2=0.130,":[244],"p=0.011).":[245],"A":[246],"weak":[247],"but":[248,281],"statistically":[249,279],"positive":[251],"correlation":[252],"found":[254,278],"(r=0.131,":[262],"p=0.010),":[263],"suggesting":[264],"greater":[266],"associated":[270],"CONCLUSION:":[275],"modest":[282],"associations":[283],"exposures,":[286],"such":[287],"as":[288],"smoking,":[290],"presence,":[292],"biomass":[294],"use,":[296],"findings":[307],"underscore":[308],"necessity":[310],"for":[311],"targeted":[312],"public":[313],"health":[314],"interventions":[315],"culturally":[317],"sensitive":[318],"education":[320],"programs":[321],"mitigate":[323],"modifiable":[324],"management":[331]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}