{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412422720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/76459","title":"Assessment of Influenza Testing Distribution in the United States for the 2021-2022, 2022-2023, and 2023-2024 Influenza Seasons: Online Cross-Sectional Study","display_name":"Assessment of Influenza Testing Distribution in the United States for the 2021-2022, 2022-2023, and 2023-2024 Influenza Seasons: Online Cross-Sectional Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412422720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/76459","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40856618","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12379747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/76459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/76459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/76459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764507669","display_name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","issn_l":"2369-2960","issn":["2369-2960"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/76459","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085704025","display_name":"Autumn Gertz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1642-8912","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1642-8912"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Autumn Gertz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, United States, 1 6173556000"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1642-8912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, United States, 1 6173556000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117279011","display_name":"Juliana B Sopko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8080-0270","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8080-0270"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juliana B Sopko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, United States, 1 6173556000"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8080-0270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, United States, 1 6173556000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005918564","display_name":"Christopher A.L. Remmel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4696-3692","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4696-3692"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Remmel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, United States, 1 6173556000"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4696-3692","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, United States, 1 6173556000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026438558","display_name":"Benjamin M. Rader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6095-0193","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6095-0193"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Rader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, United States, 1 6173556000","Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6095-0193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, United States, 1 6173556000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087882430","display_name":"John S. Brownstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8568-5317","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8568-5317"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John S Brownstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, United States, 1 6173556000","Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8568-5317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, United States, 1 6173556000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085704025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"],"apc_list":{"value":2800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2800},"apc_paid":{"value":2800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2800},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18720145,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"e76459","last_page":"e76459"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":0.8598999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":0.8598999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.1331000030040741,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11243","display_name":"Respiratory viral infections research","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/influenza-testing","display_name":"influenza testing","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/influenza-surveillance","display_name":"influenza surveillance","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surveillance-bias","display_name":"surveillance bias","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/care-seeking","display_name":"care seeking","score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19-testing","display_name":"COVID-19 testing","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.5149999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43169469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580922","display_name":"Preprint","level":2,"score":0.6151176691055298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.6045536994934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.5174237489700317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.4843374490737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.46452200412750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.43559083342552185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777546802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834390","display_name":"Influenza A virus","level":3,"score":0.4183708429336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.38459092378616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.22075018286705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10846126079559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0812026858329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.07881388068199158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.07710778713226318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007251","descriptor_name":"Influenza, Human","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007251","descriptor_name":"Influenza, Human","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008403","descriptor_name":"Mass Screening","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012621","descriptor_name":"Seasons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2196/76459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/76459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/76459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764507669","display_name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","issn_l":"2369-2960","issn":["2369-2960"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2196/preprints.76459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.76459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.76459","pdf_url":"https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/assets.jmir.org/assets/preprints/preprint-76459-submitted.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11188258","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12379747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12379747","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12379747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Public Health Surveill","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:40856618","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40856618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR public health and surveillance","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9dad5faa02a345f8bfa8ccb3fb16efd2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9dad5faa02a345f8bfa8ccb3fb16efd2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, Vol 11, Pp e76459-e76459 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/76459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/76459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/76459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764507669","display_name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","issn_l":"2369-2960","issn":["2369-2960"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320608","host_organization_name":"JMIR Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["JMIR Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7390999794006348,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G70556425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"75D30121C11606","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332162","funder_display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306448","display_name":"National Philanthropic Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/04sg26g73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332162","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412422720.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412422720.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974147020","https://openalex.org/W1997304826","https://openalex.org/W2065265064","https://openalex.org/W2159004280","https://openalex.org/W2896423543","https://openalex.org/W3122572428","https://openalex.org/W3133704981","https://openalex.org/W3141384640","https://openalex.org/W3165417637","https://openalex.org/W4200554420","https://openalex.org/W4220921782","https://openalex.org/W4283640798","https://openalex.org/W4297004957","https://openalex.org/W4306701919","https://openalex.org/W4321132547","https://openalex.org/W4382562614"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409735946","https://openalex.org/W2434201397","https://openalex.org/W7220954009","https://openalex.org/W4388653797","https://openalex.org/W7099715870","https://openalex.org/W2044305450","https://openalex.org/W2067059732","https://openalex.org/W2031761588","https://openalex.org/W2310762131","https://openalex.org/W2026166098"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Effective":[1],"surveillance":[2,15,59,114],"of":[3,70,239,255,323,415,422],"seasonal":[4],"influenza":[5,45,66,89,100,132,145,163,193,212,240,260,287,309,326,364,396,416,426,448],"is":[6,54,86,111],"crucial":[7],"to":[8,49,83,104,152,176,298,359,442],"understanding":[9,52],"disease":[10,74],"burden":[11],"and":[12,38,46,67,76,141,201,206,227,230,250,262,275,418],"impact.":[13],"Traditional":[14],"accounts":[16],"for":[17,31,88,144,162,183,192,198,259,286,325,363,395,425],"those":[18,27,256,280,349],"who":[19,28,53,85,257,281,389],"interact":[20],"with":[21,44,119,221,300,320,350,412],"the":[22,154,306,428],"health":[23],"care":[24,36,443],"system,":[25],"including":[26],"are":[29,40,444],"testing":[30,39,87,182,194,241,324,417,449],"diseases":[32,265],"like":[33],"influenza.":[34,184],"However,":[35],"seeking":[37],"not":[41,445],"as":[42,148,303],"common":[43],"can":[47,61],"lead":[48],"bias.":[50],"Better":[51],"being":[55],"captured":[56],"by":[57,195,211],"current":[58],"methods":[60],"help":[62],"further":[63],"knowledge":[64],"around":[65],"identify":[68],"areas":[69],"improvement":[71],"in":[72,117,136,224,233,244,427],"surveillance,":[73],"mitigation,":[75],"intervention":[77],"efforts.":[78],"Objective:":[79],"This":[80],"study":[81,386],"aimed":[82],"examine":[84],"amongst":[90],"a":[91,112,122,149],"United":[92],"States":[93],"representative":[94],"survey":[95,168],"population,":[96,387],"across":[97],"three":[98,131],"seasons":[99,101,133,405],"spanning":[102,406],"2021":[103],"2024.":[105],"Methods:":[106],"Outbreaks":[107],"near":[108],"me":[109],"(ONM)":[110],"participatory":[113],"system":[115],"that,":[116],"partnership":[118],"SurveyMonkey,":[120],"conducted":[121,191,210],"web-based,":[123],"weekly":[124],"cross-sectional":[125],"survey.":[126],"ONM":[127],"Survey":[128],"data":[129],"from":[130],"was":[134,146,190,295,318,410],"used":[135],"this":[137,385],"study:":[138],"2021-2022,":[139],"2022-2023,":[140],"2023-2024.":[142],"Tested":[143],"defined":[147],"\"yes\"":[150],"response":[151],"\"In":[153],"past":[155,429],"30":[156,430],"days,":[157],"have":[158,360],"you":[159],"been":[160,361],"tested":[161,258,285,362,394,424],"(flu)?\"":[164],"Descriptive":[165,204],"proportions":[166,205,254,414],"applying":[167],"weights":[169],"reflecting":[170],"US":[171,316,354],"census":[172],"targets":[173],"were":[174,181,209,219,242,268,356],"produced":[175],"understand":[177],"which":[178],"demographic":[179],"groups":[180,455],"A":[185,292],"weighted":[186],"multivariate":[187,207],"logistic":[188],"regression":[189],"income,":[196],"adjusting":[197],"other":[199,264],"demographics":[200],"COVID-19":[202],"testing.":[203],"regressions":[208],"season.":[213],"Results:":[214],"In":[215,402],"total,":[216],"940,172":[217],"responses":[218],"collected,":[220],"similar":[222,293],"amounts":[223],"2021-2022":[225],"(n=335,964)":[226],"2022-2023":[228],"(n=334,584),":[229],"slightly":[231],"less":[232,357],"2023-2024":[234],"(n=269,624).":[235],"Generally,":[236],"low":[237],"levels":[238],"reported":[243],"each":[245],"season":[246,297,299],"at":[247,288],"4.2%,":[248],"9.1%,":[249],"8.9%,":[251],"respectively.":[252],"Weighted":[253],"only":[261,446],"no":[263],"(like":[266],"COVID-19)":[267],"even":[269],"lower":[270,283,311,408],"(0.4%,":[271],"971/335,964;":[272],"1.5%,":[273],"4,382/334,584;":[274],"2.0%,":[276],"4579/269,624;":[277],"respectively).":[278],"Broadly,":[279],"had":[282],"income":[284,314,409],"progressively":[289],"higher":[290,321,351,413],"proportions.":[291],"trend":[294],"observed":[296,308],"education":[301],"level":[302],"well.":[304],"Across":[305],"3":[307,404],"seasons,":[310],"household":[312],"annual":[313],"(under":[315],"$15,000)":[317],"associated":[319,411],"odds":[322,329],"(2021-2022:":[327,365],"adjusted":[328],"ratio":[330],"[AOR]":[331],"1.41,":[332],"95%":[333,339,345,368,374,380],"CI":[334,340,346,369,375,381],"1.34-1.48;":[335],"2022-2023:":[336,371],"AOR":[337,343,366,372,378],"1.42,":[338],"1.35-1.49;":[341],"2023-2024:":[342,377],"1.25,":[344],"1.18-1.34),":[347],"while":[348],"incomes":[352],"(over":[353],"$150,000)":[355],"likely":[358],"0.64,":[367],"0.55-0.86;":[370],"0.82,":[373],"0.73-0.91;":[376],"0.66,":[379],"0.56-0.76).":[382],"Conclusions:":[383],"Within":[384],"individuals":[388],"fall":[390],"within":[391],"lower-income":[392],"brackets":[393],"more":[397,440],"than":[398,454],"their":[399],"higher-income":[400],"counterparts.":[401],"all":[403],"2021-2024,":[407],"an":[419],"increased":[420],"likelihood":[421],"having":[423],"days.":[431],"These":[432],"trends":[433],"suggest":[434],"that":[435,437,456],"populations":[436],"may":[438],"experience":[439],"barriers":[441],"accessing":[447],"but":[450],"doing":[451],"so":[452],"differently":[453],"historically":[457],"access":[458],"care.":[459]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-07-15T00:00:00"}
