{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412379944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329","title":"Collective action under risk and uncertainty: assessing impacts on smallholder farmers' income and food security in Malawi","display_name":"Collective action under risk and uncertainty: assessing impacts on smallholder farmers' income and food security in Malawi","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412379944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212157","display_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","issn_l":"2571-581X","issn":["2571-581X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jinwon Suh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwon Suh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040282105","display_name":"Seong-Tae Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4019-0024","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4019-0024"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seongtae Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, Republic of Korea","Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005042294","display_name":"Tabitha Nindi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-1299","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-1299"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800088668","display_name":"Malawi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/027vmhf17","country_code":"MW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800088668"]}],"countries":["MW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tabitha C. Nindi-Chigwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800088668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040282105"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":5.3713,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95027083,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.6509000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.6509000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11886","display_name":"Agricultural risk and resilience","score":0.2168000042438507,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12121","display_name":"Cooperative Studies and Economics","score":0.08590000122785568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-action","display_name":"collective action","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farmers","display_name":"smallholder farmers","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-cooperatives","display_name":"agricultural cooperatives","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-income","display_name":"household income","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-security","display_name":"food security","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-diversity","display_name":"dietary diversity","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-shocks","display_name":"climate shocks","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-instability","display_name":"market instability","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-headed-households","display_name":"female-headed households","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-livelihoods","display_name":"rural livelihoods","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"resilience","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malawi","display_name":"Malawi","score":0.8949999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.766431450843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777932401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1471594","display_name":"Collective action","level":3,"score":0.6486524343490601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5603621006011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5485197305679321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.5252960324287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38151273131370544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.3799819350242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.3164862394332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19285520911216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11373451352119446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212157","display_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","issn_l":"2571-581X","issn":["2571-581X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:47ad7b6bf68647d590afd71f1fbeaf40","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/47ad7b6bf68647d590afd71f1fbeaf40","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, Vol 9 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sustainable-food-systems/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1607329/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212157","display_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","issn_l":"2571-581X","issn":["2571-581X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.991100013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6025999784469604,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322027","display_name":"Korea International Cooperation Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0106d7657"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412379944.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412379944.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1745210057","https://openalex.org/W1807369469","https://openalex.org/W1987675423","https://openalex.org/W1989554196","https://openalex.org/W2005394974","https://openalex.org/W2023164514","https://openalex.org/W2037000827","https://openalex.org/W2060210669","https://openalex.org/W2063887155","https://openalex.org/W2124067355","https://openalex.org/W2144387798","https://openalex.org/W2149733648","https://openalex.org/W2153162701","https://openalex.org/W2153640166","https://openalex.org/W2156584917","https://openalex.org/W2226917131","https://openalex.org/W2578316584","https://openalex.org/W2773669784","https://openalex.org/W2789484059","https://openalex.org/W2931648165","https://openalex.org/W2943076028","https://openalex.org/W2966051063","https://openalex.org/W2989811794","https://openalex.org/W3003058670","https://openalex.org/W3043188702","https://openalex.org/W3046527949","https://openalex.org/W3094409080","https://openalex.org/W3122812581","https://openalex.org/W3124410553","https://openalex.org/W3163963688","https://openalex.org/W3166937051","https://openalex.org/W3180483788","https://openalex.org/W3210188060","https://openalex.org/W4205494639","https://openalex.org/W4293576950","https://openalex.org/W4311710725","https://openalex.org/W4322773822","https://openalex.org/W4381663580","https://openalex.org/W4382182098","https://openalex.org/W4388942518"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028092596","https://openalex.org/W647360179","https://openalex.org/W4384694753","https://openalex.org/W2001318805","https://openalex.org/W2465894593","https://openalex.org/W2900880632","https://openalex.org/W2900283304","https://openalex.org/W3123416775","https://openalex.org/W2125225906","https://openalex.org/W2178008939"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Smallholder":[1],"farmers":[2],"in":[3,48,63,72,109,161,174,187,193,209,213],"Sub-Saharan":[4],"Africa":[5],"face":[6],"increasing":[7],"challenges,":[8],"compounded":[9],"by":[10,80,112,167],"risks":[11,47],"such":[12],"as":[13,26],"climate":[14,81],"change,":[15],"global":[16],"conflicts,":[17],"and":[18,45,69,83,93,123,131,151,177,228,241],"food":[19,70,158,178],"insecurity.":[20],"Collective":[21],"action":[22,65,224],"has":[23],"been":[24],"promoted":[25],"a":[27,77,113,205],"strategic":[28],"mechanism":[29],"to":[30,102,135,225,245],"strengthen":[31],"smallholder":[32,60],"farmers'":[33,61,211],"livelihoods,":[34],"yet":[35],"limited":[36],"empirical":[37],"evidence":[38],"exists":[39],"on":[40,66],"its":[41],"effectiveness":[42],"under":[43,231],"recent":[44],"compounding":[46],"Malawi.":[49],"To":[50],"address":[51],"this":[52,54],"gap,":[53],"study":[55,196],"examines":[56],"the":[57,104,137,162,191,220,237],"impact":[58],"of":[59,107,222],"participation":[62,108,212],"collective":[64,214,223],"household":[67,114,149],"income":[68,150,176],"security":[71,159],"Kasungu":[73],"District,":[74],"Malawi,":[75],"during":[76],"period":[78],"marked":[79],"shocks":[82],"market":[84],"instability.":[85],"Methods":[86],"Data":[87],"were":[88,100],"collected":[89],"through":[90],"both":[91,120,175],"qualitative":[92],"quantitative":[94],"methods.":[95],"Ten":[96],"focus":[97],"group":[98],"discussions":[99],"conducted":[101],"identify":[103],"perceived":[105],"benefits":[106],"cooperatives,":[110],"followed":[111],"survey":[115],"with":[116],"475":[117],"farmers,":[118],"including":[119],"cooperative":[121,145],"members":[122],"non-members.":[124],"Quantitative":[125],"analysis":[126],"applied":[127],"difference-in-differences,":[128],"entropy":[129],"balancing,":[130],"doubly":[132],"robust":[133],"estimation":[134],"assess":[136],"causal":[138],"effects.":[139],"Results":[140],"The":[141,195],"findings":[142],"suggest":[143],"that":[144,199],"membership":[146],"significantly":[147],"increased":[148],"improved":[152],"dietary":[153,188],"diversity,":[154],"even":[155],"amid":[156],"deteriorating":[157],"conditions":[160],"region.":[163],"However,":[164],"results":[165,218],"varied":[166],"gender.":[168],"While":[169],"male-headed":[170],"households":[171,181],"experienced":[172],"improvements":[173],"security,":[179],"female-headed":[180],"did":[182],"not":[183],"see":[184],"significant":[185],"improvement":[186],"diversity":[189],"despite":[190],"increase":[192],"income.":[194],"also":[197,235],"finds":[198],"support":[200],"from":[201],"non-governmental":[202],"organizations":[203],"played":[204],"key":[206],"mediating":[207],"role":[208],"facilitating":[210],"action.":[215],"Discussion":[216],"These":[217],"highlight":[219],"potential":[221],"enhance":[226],"resilience":[227],"rural":[229],"livelihoods":[230],"uncertain":[232],"conditions,":[233],"while":[234],"emphasizing":[236],"need":[238],"for":[239],"gender-responsive":[240],"institutionally":[242],"supported":[243],"strategies":[244],"ensure":[246],"equitable":[247],"outcomes.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
