{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412376953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730283","title":"PILs of Knowledge: A Synthetic Benchmark for Evaluating Question Answering Systems in Healthcare","display_name":"PILs of Knowledge: A Synthetic Benchmark for Evaluating Question Answering Systems in Healthcare","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412376953","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730283"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3726302.3730283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730283","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730283","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608773","display_name":"International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730283","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114337260","display_name":"Riccardo Lunardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5550-317X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5550-317X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Lunardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Udine, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5550-317X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028918939","display_name":"Michael Soprano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7337-7592","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7337-7592"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Soprano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Udine, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7337-7592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036921589","display_name":"Paolo Coppola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-6132","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-6132"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Coppola","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Udine, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-6132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039086542","display_name":"Vincenzo Della Mea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0144-3802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0144-3802"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Della Mea","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Udine, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0144-3802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005575421","display_name":"Stefano Mizzaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-168X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-168X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Mizzaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Udine, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-168X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050287516","display_name":"Kevin Roitero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-3280","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-3280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Roitero","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Udine, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9191-3280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9652,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91123539,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3648","last_page":"3658"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.4219000041484833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.4219000041484833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.26980000734329224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.12680000066757202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-information-leaflets","display_name":"patient information leaflets","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"question answering","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-benchmark","display_name":"synthetic benchmark","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-question-answering","display_name":"medical question answering","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-question-generation","display_name":"automatic question generation","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-choice-questions","display_name":"multiple-choice questions","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-information","display_name":"drug information","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-drug-reactions","display_name":"adverse drug reactions","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-interactions","display_name":"drug interactions","score":0.3889999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.748198390007019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.643367350101471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5879417061805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.5867792963981628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.534356951713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.403671532869339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.39123260974884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.356439471244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0739118754863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3726302.3730283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730283","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730283","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608773","display_name":"International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:air.uniud.it:11390/1309164","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/epdf/10.1145/3726302.3730283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401163","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","host_organization_name":"University of Udine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3726302.3730283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3726302.3730283","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3726302.3730283","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608773","display_name":"International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8521045171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F53C22001770002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326070","funder_display_name":"Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324979","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Udine","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326070","display_name":"Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia","ror":"https://ror.org/01tjrd904"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338080","display_name":"European Social Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412376953.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412376953.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W632432350","https://openalex.org/W1554394657","https://openalex.org/W1560729591","https://openalex.org/W1937668942","https://openalex.org/W1965647483","https://openalex.org/W1980199609","https://openalex.org/W1981208470","https://openalex.org/W1994863898","https://openalex.org/W2008366655","https://openalex.org/W2032924980","https://openalex.org/W2043617866","https://openalex.org/W2114453188","https://openalex.org/W2144211451","https://openalex.org/W2606964149","https://openalex.org/W2738674657","https://openalex.org/W2794325560","https://openalex.org/W2802557307","https://openalex.org/W2890894339","https://openalex.org/W2913352150","https://openalex.org/W2915128229","https://openalex.org/W2946609015","https://openalex.org/W2968287414","https://openalex.org/W2974420848","https://openalex.org/W3153418506","https://openalex.org/W3198080531","https://openalex.org/W4237791300","https://openalex.org/W4361001766","https://openalex.org/W4365143687","https://openalex.org/W4385490607","https://openalex.org/W4385565351","https://openalex.org/W4386587785","https://openalex.org/W4387225871","https://openalex.org/W4390723197","https://openalex.org/W4391897343","https://openalex.org/W4392822465","https://openalex.org/W4399657778","https://openalex.org/W4400526284","https://openalex.org/W4400831251","https://openalex.org/W4401306886","https://openalex.org/W4401306979","https://openalex.org/W4401843254","https://openalex.org/W4403360926","https://openalex.org/W4404330874","https://openalex.org/W4404622579","https://openalex.org/W4404781491","https://openalex.org/W4405173269","https://openalex.org/W4405655184","https://openalex.org/W4406139837","https://openalex.org/W4406152279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1159694101","https://openalex.org/W4312778074","https://openalex.org/W2797427871","https://openalex.org/W3024114128","https://openalex.org/W3214957520","https://openalex.org/W4322577590","https://openalex.org/W2932738180","https://openalex.org/W1965298590","https://openalex.org/W2329153216","https://openalex.org/W4380151695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patient":[0],"Information":[1],"Leaflets":[2],"(PILs)":[3],"provide":[4],"essential":[5],"information":[6],"about":[7],"medication":[8],"usage,":[9],"side":[10],"effects,":[11],"precautions,":[12],"and":[13,59,85,108,132],"interactions,":[14],"making":[15,135],"them":[16],"a":[17,51,70,96,130,137],"valuable":[18,138],"resource":[19,139],"for":[20,100,140],"Question":[21],"Answering":[22],"(QA)":[23],"systems":[24,36],"in":[25,42,144],"healthcare.":[26],"However,":[27],"no":[28],"dedicated":[29],"benchmark":[30,54,68,91,128],"currently":[31],"exists":[32],"to":[33,81,106],"evaluate":[34],"QA":[35,142],"specifically":[37],"on":[38],"PILs,":[39],"limiting":[40],"progress":[41],"this":[43,47],"domain.":[44,147],"To":[45,113],"address":[46],"gap,":[48],"we":[49,117],"introduce":[50],"fact-supported":[52],"synthetic":[53],"composed":[55],"of":[56,104],"multiple-choice":[57],"questions":[58],"answers":[60],"generated":[61],"from":[62],"real":[63],"PILs.":[64],"We":[65],"construct":[66],"the":[67,102,127,145],"using":[69],"fully":[71],"automated":[72],"pipeline":[73],"that":[74,126],"leverages":[75],"multiple":[76],"Large":[77],"Language":[78],"Models":[79],"(LLMs)":[80],"generate":[82],"diverse,":[83],"realistic,":[84],"contextually":[86],"relevant":[87],"question-answer":[88],"pairs.":[89],"The":[90],"is":[92],"publicly":[93],"released":[94],"as":[95],"standardized":[97],"evaluation":[98,121],"framework":[99],"assessing":[101],"ability":[103],"LLMs":[105],"process":[107],"reason":[109],"over":[110],"PIL":[111],"content.":[112],"validate":[114],"its":[115],"effectiveness,":[116],"conduct":[118],"an":[119],"initial":[120],"with":[122],"state-of-the-art":[123],"LLMs,":[124],"showing":[125],"presents":[129],"realistic":[131],"challenging":[133],"task,":[134],"it":[136],"advancing":[141],"research":[143],"healthcare":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}