{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412371249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.87811","title":"Pleural Fluid Biomarkers in Focus: The Role of Cholesterol and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in Differentiating Exudative From Transudative Effusions","display_name":"Pleural Fluid Biomarkers in Focus: The Role of Cholesterol and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in Differentiating Exudative From Transudative Effusions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412371249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.87811","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40809643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.87811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.87811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.87811","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/380366-pleural-fluid-biomarkers-in-focus-the-role-of-cholesterol-and-lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh-in-differentiating-exudative-from-transudative-effusions.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/380366-pleural-fluid-biomarkers-in-focus-the-role-of-cholesterol-and-lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh-in-differentiating-exudative-from-transudative-effusions.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"AkhilAnand PG","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"AkhilAnand PG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104384476","display_name":"Elen Ann Abraham","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elen Ann Abraham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063962595","display_name":"Ghanshyam Verma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1394-6386","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1394-6386"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghanshyam Verma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042417260","display_name":"Keerthana Prakash","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keerthana Prakash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003339749","display_name":"Pedada Mounika","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedada Mounika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20947751,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"7","first_page":"e87811","last_page":"e87811"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11356","display_name":"Pleural and Pulmonary Diseases","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11356","display_name":"Pleural and Pulmonary Diseases","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11738","display_name":"Ultrasound in Clinical Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12291","display_name":"Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pleural-effusion","display_name":"pleural effusion","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pleural-fluid-cholesterol","display_name":"pleural fluid cholesterol","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lactate-dehydrogenase","display_name":"lactate dehydrogenase","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exudative-effusion","display_name":"exudative effusion","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transudative-pleural-effusion","display_name":"transudative pleural effusion","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-s-criteria","display_name":"Light's criteria","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pleural-fluid-biomarkers","display_name":"pleural fluid biomarkers","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"diagnostic accuracy","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pleural-fluid-protein","display_name":"pleural fluid protein","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-proteins","display_name":"serum proteins","score":0.6480000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9167897701263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777318727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409464","display_name":"Lactate dehydrogenase","level":3,"score":0.7688074111938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993292583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192398","display_name":"Pleural fluid","level":3,"score":0.5969648957252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778163477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43656","display_name":"Cholesterol","level":2,"score":0.45698311924934387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.44198817014694214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779634585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334541","display_name":"Pleural effusion","level":2,"score":0.3778749108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3020128011703491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.29165443778038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.18387183547019958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.87811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.87811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.87811","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/380366-pleural-fluid-biomarkers-in-focus-the-role-of-cholesterol-and-lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh-in-differentiating-exudative-from-transudative-effusions.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40809643","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40809643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11156453","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12344612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12344612","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12344612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7759/cureus.87811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.87811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.87811","pdf_url":"https://www.cureus.com/articles/380366-pleural-fluid-biomarkers-in-focus-the-role-of-cholesterol-and-lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh-in-differentiating-exudative-from-transudative-effusions.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738950867","display_name":"Cureus","issn_l":"2168-8184","issn":["2168-8184"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316779","host_organization_name":"Cureus, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cureus, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cureus","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.979200005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412371249.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412371249.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W99181743","https://openalex.org/W152476411","https://openalex.org/W1548067935","https://openalex.org/W2020193407","https://openalex.org/W2025817885","https://openalex.org/W2027611058","https://openalex.org/W2029043483","https://openalex.org/W2044818448","https://openalex.org/W2045925226","https://openalex.org/W2082563075","https://openalex.org/W2082913812","https://openalex.org/W2088896857","https://openalex.org/W2090022137","https://openalex.org/W2407951370","https://openalex.org/W2744398352","https://openalex.org/W2770592419","https://openalex.org/W4256423728","https://openalex.org/W4383961137","https://openalex.org/W4387307635"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2616281838","https://openalex.org/W4251773520","https://openalex.org/W2969167860","https://openalex.org/W4231810034","https://openalex.org/W2987594026","https://openalex.org/W2941647006","https://openalex.org/W126511731","https://openalex.org/W2044818448","https://openalex.org/W2613541094","https://openalex.org/W3010835398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Pleural":[1,177],"effusion":[2,150],"affects":[3],"approximately":[4],"320":[5],"individuals":[6],"per":[7],"100,000":[8],"population":[9],"and":[10,19,41,120,125,133,166,172,181,189,204,270,285,311,319,330],"can":[11],"result":[12],"from":[13],"a":[14,26,137,258,266,308],"wide":[15],"range":[16],"of":[17,28,55,97,123,261,268,272],"pulmonary":[18],"extrapulmonary":[20],"conditions.":[21],"It":[22],"may":[23,92,107],"present":[24],"as":[25,33,79,153,184,186],"complication":[27],"an":[29,34],"existing":[30],"illness":[31],"or":[32,82,158],"initial":[35],"clinical":[36,165],"sign,":[37],"making":[38],"accurate":[39],"diagnosis":[40],"timely":[42],"management":[43],"essential.":[44],"Under":[45],"normal":[46],"physiological":[47],"conditions,":[48],"the":[49,87,118,276],"pleural":[50,75,103,149,170,286,317,338],"space":[51],"contains":[52],"7-16":[53],"mL":[54],"fluid":[56,68,104,171,178,339],"(approximately":[57],"0.26":[58],"\u00b1":[59,243,251],"0.1":[60],"mL/kg":[61],"in":[62,129,136,239,247,294,337],"healthy":[63],"non-smokers).":[64],"Effusion":[65],"develops":[66],"when":[67],"production":[69],"exceeds":[70],"clearance.":[71],"Based":[72],"on":[73,164],"pathophysiology,":[74],"effusions":[76,135,241,249,318],"are":[77],"classified":[78,152],"either":[80],"transudates":[81],"exudates.":[83],"Light's":[84,195,325],"criteria":[85],"remain":[86],"standard":[88],"diagnostic":[89,110,121,300,322,331],"tool":[90],"but":[91],"misclassify":[93],"up":[94],"to":[95,116,193],"25%":[96],"cases.":[98],"Recent":[99],"studies":[100],"suggest":[101],"that":[102],"cholesterol":[105,182],"(pCHOL)":[106],"offer":[108],"superior":[109,299],"accuracy.":[111],"Aim":[112],"This":[113,274],"study":[114],"aims":[115],"evaluate":[117],"reliability":[119,332],"accuracy":[122],"pCHOL":[124,235,264,295,306],"lactate":[126],"dehydrogenase":[127],"(LDH)":[128],"distinguishing":[130],"between":[131],"transudative":[132,154,248],"exudative":[134,159,240,316],"tertiary":[138],"care":[139],"setting.":[140],"Methods":[141],"In":[142],"this":[143],"cross-sectional":[144],"study,":[145],"80":[146],"patients":[147],"with":[148,226],"were":[151,175,191],"(n":[155,160],"=":[156,161],"30)":[157],"50)":[162],"based":[163],"radiological":[167],"criteria.":[168,196,326],"Paired":[169],"serum":[173,187],"samples":[174],"collected.":[176],"protein,":[179],"LDH,":[180,190],"levels,":[183],"well":[185],"protein":[188,278],"analyzed":[192],"apply":[194],"Diagnostic":[197],"performance":[198,323],"was":[199,209,236],"evaluated":[200],"using":[201,211],"sensitivity,":[202],"specificity,":[203],"predictive":[205],"values.":[206],"Statistical":[207],"analysis":[208],"conducted":[210],"IBM":[212,221],"SPSS":[213],"Statistics":[214],"for":[215,314],"Windows,":[216],"Version":[217],"21.0":[218],"(Released":[219],"2012;":[220],"Corp.,":[222],"Armonk,":[223],"NY,":[224],"US),":[225],"p":[227,254],"<":[228,255,303],"0.05":[229],"considered":[230],"statistically":[231,291],"significant.":[232],"Results":[233],"Mean":[234],"significantly":[237],"higher":[238],"(68.5":[242],"20.3":[244],"mg/dL)":[245],"than":[246,324],"(25.2":[250],"9.6":[252],"mg/dL,":[253,263],"0.001).":[256,304],"At":[257],"cutoff":[259],"value":[260],"45":[262],"showed":[265],"sensitivity":[267],"98%":[269],"specificity":[271],"100%.":[273],"outperformed":[275],"pleural/serum":[277,281],"ratio":[279,283],"(78%/82%),":[280],"LDH":[282,287],"(86%/93%),":[284],"level":[288],"(88%/90%).":[289],"The":[290],"significant":[292],"difference":[293],"levels":[296],"underscores":[297],"its":[298,334],"utility":[301],"(p":[302],"Conclusion":[305],"is":[307],"highly":[309],"sensitive":[310],"specific":[312],"biomarker":[313],"identifying":[315],"demonstrates":[320],"better":[321],"Its":[327],"simplicity,":[328],"cost-effectiveness,":[329],"support":[333],"routine":[335],"inclusion":[336],"analysis.":[340]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
