{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412178403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf057","title":"Mano Dura v. Uneasy Peace in El Salvador: Effects of Tough-on-Crime and Gang Truce Policies in the Former Murder Capital of the World","display_name":"Mano Dura v. Uneasy Peace in El Salvador: Effects of Tough-on-Crime and Gang Truce Policies in the Former Murder Capital of the World","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412178403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf057"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bjc/azaf057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf057","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bjc/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/bjc/azaf057/63715412/azaf057.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27273401","display_name":"The British Journal of Criminology","issn_l":"0007-0955","issn":["0007-0955","1464-3529"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British Journal of Criminology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bjc/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/bjc/azaf057/63715412/azaf057.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113089612","display_name":"Guillermo Jes\u00fas Esca\u00f1o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-1335","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-1335"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guillermo Jes\u00fas Esca\u00f1o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology and Criminology, Villanova University , Villanova, PA 19085 ,","Department of Sociology and Criminology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology and Criminology, Villanova University , Villanova, PA 19085 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology and Criminology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024484968","display_name":"David McDowall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2252-0432","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2252-0432"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David McDowall","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany \u2013 State University of New York , Albany, NY 12222 ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany \u2013 State University of New York , Albany, NY 12222 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029270262","display_name":"William Alex Pridemore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5553-8698","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5553-8698"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Alex Pridemore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602 ,","Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113089612"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"],"apc_list":{"value":4050,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":5341},"apc_paid":{"value":4050,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":5341},"fwci":10.6648,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98262138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"3","first_page":"613","last_page":"631"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.7583000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.7583000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.10570000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.051100000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mano-dura","display_name":"mano dura","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gang-truce","display_name":"gang truce","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homicide","display_name":"homicide","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-gangs","display_name":"criminal gangs","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/el-salvador","display_name":"El Salvador","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homicide-rates","display_name":"homicide rates","score":0.40700000524520874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.5375399589538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5296663641929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5212986469268799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.48941078782081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3467227518558502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.26637667417526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.10047882795333862}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/bjc/azaf057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf057","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bjc/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/bjc/azaf057/63715412/azaf057.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27273401","display_name":"The British Journal of Criminology","issn_l":"0007-0955","issn":["0007-0955","1464-3529"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British Journal of Criminology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21428/cb6ab371.8138f3e4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.8138f3e4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.8138f3e4","pdf_url":"https://www.crimrxiv.com/pub/bl8bxiuj/download/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306507144","display_name":"CrimRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CrimRxiv","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.5110427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5110427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5110427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bjc/azaf057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf057","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/bjc/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/bjc/azaf057/63715412/azaf057.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27273401","display_name":"The British Journal of Criminology","issn_l":"0007-0955","issn":["0007-0955","1464-3529"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British Journal of Criminology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.504800021648407,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412178403.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412178403.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W129305155","https://openalex.org/W628105555","https://openalex.org/W1455229352","https://openalex.org/W1730782591","https://openalex.org/W1990647126","https://openalex.org/W1992643588","https://openalex.org/W2052207125","https://openalex.org/W2064323237","https://openalex.org/W2089951005","https://openalex.org/W2108966769","https://openalex.org/W2122118237","https://openalex.org/W2123261409","https://openalex.org/W2133283452","https://openalex.org/W2144029679","https://openalex.org/W2147098163","https://openalex.org/W2189821821","https://openalex.org/W2199160864","https://openalex.org/W2280124842","https://openalex.org/W2315499566","https://openalex.org/W2510066966","https://openalex.org/W2558997145","https://openalex.org/W2567776309","https://openalex.org/W2606114487","https://openalex.org/W2755075319","https://openalex.org/W2771640655","https://openalex.org/W2891370454","https://openalex.org/W2894676045","https://openalex.org/W2900011326","https://openalex.org/W2900566415","https://openalex.org/W2901460552","https://openalex.org/W2973592997","https://openalex.org/W2997328728","https://openalex.org/W3012233290","https://openalex.org/W3028123936","https://openalex.org/W3045656980","https://openalex.org/W3090894574","https://openalex.org/W3111782612","https://openalex.org/W3125144728","https://openalex.org/W3130469101","https://openalex.org/W3214272643","https://openalex.org/W4205514562","https://openalex.org/W4205910970","https://openalex.org/W4211033031","https://openalex.org/W4214504696","https://openalex.org/W4242865293","https://openalex.org/W4243689070","https://openalex.org/W4244994263","https://openalex.org/W4248281272","https://openalex.org/W4251133736","https://openalex.org/W4255878398","https://openalex.org/W4283803041","https://openalex.org/W4285781714","https://openalex.org/W4292483811","https://openalex.org/W4309891625","https://openalex.org/W4360992169","https://openalex.org/W4362604328","https://openalex.org/W4376134621","https://openalex.org/W4376144193","https://openalex.org/W4378895585","https://openalex.org/W4387474937","https://openalex.org/W4389954151","https://openalex.org/W4390613088","https://openalex.org/W4391251886","https://openalex.org/W4396542027","https://openalex.org/W4398474429","https://openalex.org/W4399676901","https://openalex.org/W4400008782","https://openalex.org/W4403434965","https://openalex.org/W4410656435","https://openalex.org/W4413129341","https://openalex.org/W6677096361","https://openalex.org/W6736472684"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406824808","https://openalex.org/W2348653675","https://openalex.org/W54770820","https://openalex.org/W6992546594","https://openalex.org/W3138859263","https://openalex.org/W6892440845","https://openalex.org/W3012438810","https://openalex.org/W4376144193","https://openalex.org/W2753009246","https://openalex.org/W4376138186"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Until":[1],"recently,":[2],"El":[3],"Salvador":[4],"had":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,105,113],"the":[8,20,102,110],"world\u2019s":[9],"highest":[10],"homicide":[11],"rates,":[12],"largely":[13],"driven":[14],"by":[15],"criminal":[16],"groups.":[17],"Since":[18],"2003,":[19],"government":[21],"attempted":[22],"to":[23,91,109],"reduce":[24],"violence":[25],"through":[26],"mano":[27,69,82,92],"dura":[28,34,70,83],"policies":[29,107],"and":[30,40,52,100],"gang":[31],"truces.":[32],"Mano":[33],"involves":[35],"aggressive":[36],"enforcement,":[37],"harsh":[38],"punishments":[39],"authoritarian":[41],"measures,":[42],"while":[43],"truces":[44],"rely":[45],"on":[46],"negotiations":[47],"between":[48],"gangs,":[49],"state":[50],"actors,":[51],"civil":[53],"society.":[54],"Analysing":[55],"nation-month":[56],"data":[57],"for":[58],"2003\u201322":[59],"with":[60,87],"autoregressive":[61],"integrated":[62],"moving":[63],"average":[64],"time-series":[65],"methods,":[66],"we":[67],"found":[68],"significantly":[71],"increased":[72],"violence.":[73],"Monthly":[74],"homicides":[75,89],"were":[76],"54":[77],"per":[78],"cent":[79],"higher":[80],"during":[81],"than":[84],"truce":[85],"periods,":[86],"17,767":[88],"attributable":[90],"dura.":[93],"These":[94],"findings":[95],"are":[96],"robust":[97],"across":[98],"analyses":[99],"highlight":[101],"iatrogenic":[103],"effects":[104],"repressive":[106],"compared":[108],"relative":[111],"success":[112],"truce-based":[114],"approaches.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
