{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412046487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10553-6","title":"Multi objective reinforcement learning driven task offloading algorithm for satellite edge computing networks","display_name":"Multi objective reinforcement learning driven task offloading algorithm for satellite edge computing networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412046487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10553-6","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40617977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10553-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10553-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10553-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-10553-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-10553-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101086646","display_name":"Xu Sai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-5227","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-5227"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134419","display_name":"Neusoft (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02zc84r97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134419"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sai Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neusoft Research, Shenyang, 110179, China. xu_s@neusoft.com","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China. xu_s@neusoft.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neusoft Research, Shenyang, 110179, China. xu_s@neusoft.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China. xu_s@neusoft.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361678","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7757-3841","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7757-3841"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China. liujun@cse.neu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China. liujun@cse.neu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112899904","display_name":"Jiawei Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0165-4709","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0165-4709","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9558-1247"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110169, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100694704","display_name":"Xiangjun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5177-4995","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5177-4995"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangjun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CS&S Information System Engineering Co.,Ltd, Beijing, 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CS&S Information System Engineering Co.,Ltd, Beijing, 100081, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100373432","display_name":"Zhi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7143-8064","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7143-8064"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116036724","display_name":"Shenyang Ligong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m20nr07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116036724"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100361678","https://openalex.org/A5101086646"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134419","https://openalex.org/I9224756"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":3.9535,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93968467,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"24045","last_page":"24045"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.5083000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.5083000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.4884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-edge-computing","display_name":"satellite edge computing","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-offloading","display_name":"task offloading","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-reinforcement-learning","display_name":"multi-objective reinforcement learning","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ddpg","display_name":"deep deterministic policy gradient","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-latency","display_name":"task latency","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-utilization","display_name":"resource utilization","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"load balancing","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-reinforcement-learning","display_name":"multi-agent reinforcement learning","score":0.4569999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8699707984924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6347560286521912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.6068518757820129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5563411712646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.5461954474449158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5261561274528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4396035671234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987595161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Optimization algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4371339976787567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4116322994232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3399403691291809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1752094328403473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.11922904849052429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.11104831099510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10553-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10553-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10553-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-10553-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40617977","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40617977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11037353","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12228679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12228679","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12228679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:44d34a01a2c34451aff35347a07fc36a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/44d34a01a2c34451aff35347a07fc36a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 15, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10553-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10553-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10553-6","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-10553-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G985285254","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4fe1\u606f\u5b89\u5168\u4f20\u8f93\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61701100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412046487.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412046487.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W2962814013","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3015074395","https://openalex.org/W3026797990","https://openalex.org/W3033575959","https://openalex.org/W3046376981","https://openalex.org/W3048697798","https://openalex.org/W3081528862","https://openalex.org/W3098486933","https://openalex.org/W3122432113","https://openalex.org/W3153424228","https://openalex.org/W3162516060","https://openalex.org/W3169922528","https://openalex.org/W3189446717","https://openalex.org/W3192647507","https://openalex.org/W3192824891","https://openalex.org/W4200552173","https://openalex.org/W4205902690","https://openalex.org/W4221024145","https://openalex.org/W4221116342","https://openalex.org/W4281711091","https://openalex.org/W4290996414","https://openalex.org/W4317243006","https://openalex.org/W4320008875","https://openalex.org/W4361199531","https://openalex.org/W4386485070","https://openalex.org/W4386778627","https://openalex.org/W4388427816","https://openalex.org/W4388486450","https://openalex.org/W4389584472","https://openalex.org/W4391742607","https://openalex.org/W4400727126","https://openalex.org/W4400945826","https://openalex.org/W4401414875","https://openalex.org/W4403125804","https://openalex.org/W4406356926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765089333","https://openalex.org/W4297311468","https://openalex.org/W2963440157","https://openalex.org/W2964194703","https://openalex.org/W2898650565","https://openalex.org/W2883068039","https://openalex.org/W2915882743","https://openalex.org/W2199202516","https://openalex.org/W1992109064","https://openalex.org/W3164588339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Satellite":[0],"edge":[1],"computing":[2],"(SEC)":[3],"has":[4],"become":[5],"a":[6,36,60,65,69],"revolutionary":[7],"paradigm":[8],"to":[9,43,90],"improve":[10],"the":[11,16,24,45,55,99],"quality":[12],"of":[13,28,49],"service,":[14],"reduce":[15,23],"pressure":[17],"on":[18,41],"satellite-terrestrial":[19],"backhaul":[20],"bandwidth":[21],"and":[22,68,87,108],"average":[25],"response":[26],"delay":[27],"task":[29,37,83,103],"requests.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"paper,":[33],"we":[34],"propose":[35],"offloading":[38,75],"algorithm":[39,53,57,100],"based":[40],"K-D3QN":[42],"meet":[44],"rapidly":[46],"growing":[47],"demand":[48],"ground":[50],"users.":[51],"This":[52],"improves":[54,105],"DQN":[56],"by":[58],"incorporating":[59],"satellite":[61],"resource":[62,85,106],"clustering":[63],"module,":[64],"DDQN":[66],"algorithm,":[67],"competitive":[70],"network":[71],"mechanism":[72],"module.":[73],"The":[74],"decision-making":[76],"process":[77],"comprehensively":[78],"considers":[79],"three":[80],"optimization":[81],"objectives:":[82],"latency,":[84,104],"utilization,":[86],"load-balancing":[88,109],"degree,":[89],"achieve":[91],"dynamic":[92],"multi-objective":[93],"optimization.":[94],"Experimental":[95],"results":[96],"shown":[97],"that":[98],"significantly":[101],"reduces":[102],"utilization":[107],"degree.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}