{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411896264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594","title":"Lanthanum oxide-enhanced botryococcus braunii biodiesel: A sustainable fuel for diesel engines","display_name":"Lanthanum oxide-enhanced botryococcus braunii biodiesel: A sustainable fuel for diesel engines","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411896264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764363796","display_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","issn_l":"2214-157X","issn":["2214-157X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054796468","display_name":"Swarup Kumar Nayak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7499-9732","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7499-9732"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67357951","display_name":"KIIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k8zt527","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swarup Kumar Nayak","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","School of Mechanical Engineering,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67357951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ganesan Subbiah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43814544","display_name":"Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01defpn95","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43814544"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganesan Subbiah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43814544"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Senthil Kumar Duraisamy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257457","display_name":"Sona College of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/059sbnj83","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257457"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Senthil Kumar Duraisamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem, Tamilnadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem, Tamilnadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090304837","display_name":"Nalla Bhanu Teja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3877-7547","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3877-7547"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262389","display_name":"Aditya University","ror":"https://ror.org/03127q162","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405262389"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nalla Bhanu Teja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aditya University, Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aditya University, Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405262389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107211817","display_name":"Devarajan Yuvarajan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85461943","display_name":"Saveetha University","ror":"https://ror.org/0034me914","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Devarajan Yuvarajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107211817"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85461943"],"apc_list":{"value":1620,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1620},"apc_paid":{"value":1620,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1620},"fwci":1.2696,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72631117,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":null,"first_page":"106594","last_page":"106594"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13990","display_name":"Engine and Fuel Emissions","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiesel","display_name":"biodiesel","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lanthanum-oxide-nanoparticles","display_name":"lanthanum oxide nanoparticles","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoparticle-fuel-additives","display_name":"nanoparticle fuel additives","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-engine-performance","display_name":"diesel engine performance","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combustion-characteristics","display_name":"combustion characteristics","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissions-reduction","display_name":"emission reduction","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake-thermal-efficiency","display_name":"brake thermal efficiency","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake-specific-fuel-consumption","display_name":"brake specific fuel consumption","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ignition-delay-time","display_name":"ignition delay","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-release-rate","display_name":"heat release rate","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke-opacity","display_name":"smoke opacity","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unburned-hydrocarbons","display_name":"unburned hydrocarbons","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-monoxide-emissions","display_name":"carbon monoxide emissions","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transesterification","display_name":"transesterification","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biofuel-diesel-blends","display_name":"biofuel-diesel blends","score":0.5339999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52896960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167947","display_name":"Biodiesel","level":3,"score":0.8354661464691162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781171960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149449","display_name":"Botryococcus braunii","level":3,"score":0.6448864936828613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.596803605556488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780804531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174174","display_name":"Diesel engine","level":2,"score":0.5496339797973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5097958445549011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.45094114542007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.388141393661499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.343484103679657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.22337594628334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.20301905274391174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.12966319918632507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.1172289252281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777207669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43648","display_name":"Hydrocarbon","level":2,"score":0.07929739356040955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06110212206840515}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764363796","display_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","issn_l":"2214-157X","issn":["2214-157X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:36355d138dd54c8eb8150cb690c484f0","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/36355d138dd54c8eb8150cb690c484f0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, Vol 73, Iss , Pp 106594- (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.106594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764363796","display_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","issn_l":"2214-157X","issn":["2214-157X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9853000044822693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495074154","https://openalex.org/W2065655100","https://openalex.org/W2100877085","https://openalex.org/W2136035317","https://openalex.org/W2153922477","https://openalex.org/W2499275998","https://openalex.org/W2502206971","https://openalex.org/W2557952453","https://openalex.org/W2587387433","https://openalex.org/W2618538050","https://openalex.org/W2618615507","https://openalex.org/W2749986052","https://openalex.org/W2756241385","https://openalex.org/W2793795704","https://openalex.org/W2804451808","https://openalex.org/W2897900927","https://openalex.org/W2898957451","https://openalex.org/W2899512833","https://openalex.org/W2903611222","https://openalex.org/W2917293819","https://openalex.org/W2923576124","https://openalex.org/W2941320863","https://openalex.org/W2945572661","https://openalex.org/W2954155038","https://openalex.org/W2963120653","https://openalex.org/W2977092846","https://openalex.org/W2985245044","https://openalex.org/W2986375604","https://openalex.org/W2990841375","https://openalex.org/W3010877509","https://openalex.org/W3011161835","https://openalex.org/W3016632135","https://openalex.org/W3018952731","https://openalex.org/W3033726977","https://openalex.org/W3045561933","https://openalex.org/W3085583465","https://openalex.org/W3086438242","https://openalex.org/W3091529505","https://openalex.org/W3092695069","https://openalex.org/W3104203543","https://openalex.org/W3120564628","https://openalex.org/W3126320074","https://openalex.org/W3127815094","https://openalex.org/W3205287175","https://openalex.org/W3217805709","https://openalex.org/W4220804282","https://openalex.org/W4224304727","https://openalex.org/W4229077197","https://openalex.org/W4284691585","https://openalex.org/W4297318095","https://openalex.org/W4308153683","https://openalex.org/W4313021035","https://openalex.org/W4327943142","https://openalex.org/W4376277347","https://openalex.org/W4377563919","https://openalex.org/W4383163009","https://openalex.org/W4387189758","https://openalex.org/W4392410740","https://openalex.org/W4399332925","https://openalex.org/W4399853784","https://openalex.org/W4401541331","https://openalex.org/W4402081242","https://openalex.org/W4402564917","https://openalex.org/W4402758058","https://openalex.org/W4403714660","https://openalex.org/W4403908749","https://openalex.org/W4404237943","https://openalex.org/W4404471773","https://openalex.org/W4407132310","https://openalex.org/W4407218523","https://openalex.org/W4407630732","https://openalex.org/W4409692002","https://openalex.org/W4410593287"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414120058","https://openalex.org/W4366599848","https://openalex.org/W6902194958","https://openalex.org/W7123353732","https://openalex.org/W4411349209","https://openalex.org/W4386990905","https://openalex.org/W4416782864","https://openalex.org/W4411023332","https://openalex.org/W7081918566","https://openalex.org/W4386926106"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,57,148,252,278],"growing":[1],"reliance":[2],"on":[3],"fossil":[4],"fuels":[5],"in":[6,63,89,207,219,298],"diesel":[7,131,295],"engines":[8],"has":[9],"led":[10],"to":[11,75,244,248],"serious":[12],"environmental":[13,276],"and":[14,40,81,97,108,121,141,192,199,210,265,274,300],"energy":[15],"sustainability":[16,306],"concerns,":[17],"necessitating":[18],"the":[19,27,42,64,152,256],"exploration":[20],"of":[21,29,44,59,66,100,139,145,154,185],"renewable":[22],"biofuels.":[23],"This":[24],"study":[25,253],"investigates":[26],"potential":[28],"Botryococcus":[30],"braunii":[31],"oil":[32],"methyl":[33],"ester":[34],"(BBOME)":[35],"as":[36,53],"a":[37,54,114,127,136,240,290],"biodiesel":[38,74,238,287],"alternative":[39,243],"evaluates":[41],"influence":[43],"lanthanum":[45],"oxide":[46],"(La":[47],"2":[48,68,102,158,162,233,283],"O":[49,69,103,159,163,234,284],"3":[50,70,104,160,164,235,285],")":[51],"nanoparticles":[52,71,105],"performance-enhancing":[55],"additive.":[56],"novelty":[58],"this":[60],"work":[61],"lies":[62],"integration":[65],"La":[67,101,157,232,282],"into":[72,113],"BBOME":[73,92,237],"improve":[76],"engine":[77,132,296],"performance,":[78],"combustion":[79,226],"characteristics,":[80],"emission":[82,122],"reduction,":[83],"which":[84],"remains":[85],"an":[86,142,205,216],"underexplored":[87],"area":[88],"biofuel":[90],"research.":[91],"was":[93,178],"synthesized":[94],"via":[95],"transesterification,":[96],"two":[98],"concentrations":[99],"(100":[106],"ppm":[107,156],"200":[109,155],"ppm)":[110],"were":[111,124],"blended":[112],"30%":[115],"BBOME-diesel":[116],"mix":[117],"(BBOME_30).":[118],"Performance,":[119],"combustion,":[120],"characteristics":[123],"assessed":[125],"using":[126],"single-cylinder,":[128],"four-stroke,":[129],"direct-injection":[130],"at":[133],"1500":[134],"rpm,":[135],"compression":[137],"ratio":[138],"17.5:1,":[140],"injection":[143],"timing":[144],"21\u00b0":[146],"bTDC.":[147],"results":[149,279],"demonstrated":[150],"that":[151,231,281],"addition":[153],"(BBOME_30+La":[161],"_200)":[165],"enhanced":[166],"brake":[167],"thermal":[168],"efficiency":[169],"(BTE)":[170],"by":[171,196,267],"6.5%,":[172],"while":[173],"brake-specific":[174],"fuel":[175,182,250,272],"consumption":[176],"(BSFC)":[177],"reduced,":[179],"indicating":[180],"improved":[181,225],"utilization.":[183],"Emissions":[184],"carbon":[186],"monoxide":[187],"(CO),":[188],"unburnt":[189],"hydrocarbons":[190],"(UBHC),":[191],"smoke":[193],"opacity":[194],"decreased":[195],"12%,":[197],"15%,":[198],"18%,":[200],"respectively.":[201],"Combustion":[202],"analysis":[203],"showed":[204],"increase":[206],"in-cylinder":[208],"pressure":[209],"heat":[211],"release":[212],"rate,":[213],"along":[214],"with":[215,255],"8%":[217],"reduction":[218],"ignition":[220],"delay":[221],"period":[222],"(IDP),":[223],"highlighting":[224],"efficiency.":[227],"These":[228],"findings":[229],"establish":[230],"nanoparticle-enhanced":[236],"offers":[239],"sustainable,":[241],"high-performance":[242],"conventional":[245],"diesel,":[246],"contributing":[247],"cleaner":[249],"technology.":[251],"aligns":[254],"United":[257],"Nations":[258],"Sustainable":[259],"Development":[260],"Goals":[261],"(SDGs":[262],"7,":[263],"12,":[264],"13)":[266],"promoting":[268],"clean":[269],"energy,":[270],"responsible":[271],"consumption,":[273],"reduced":[275],"impact.":[277],"indicate":[280],"-doped":[286],"could":[288],"be":[289],"viable":[291],"solution":[292],"for":[293],"improving":[294],"performance":[297],"transportation":[299],"industrial":[301],"applications,":[302],"thereby":[303],"supporting":[304],"global":[305],"efforts.":[307]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}