{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411716640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-025-03229-x","title":"Improved energy management strategy using adaptive PI controller for fuel cell\u2013supercapacitor\u2013battery hybrid tramway","display_name":"Improved energy management strategy using adaptive PI controller for fuel cell\u2013supercapacitor\u2013battery hybrid tramway","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411716640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-025-03229-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00202-025-03229-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-025-03229-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-025-03229-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111975091","display_name":"Electrical Engineering","issn_l":"0003-9039","issn":["0003-9039","0948-7921","1432-0487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electrical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106775736","display_name":"Faical Briber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116970179","display_name":"University of Jijel","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkfk814","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116970179"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Faical Briber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Renewable Energy (LER), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Renewable Energy (LER), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116970179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036818338","display_name":"Daoud Rezzak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1108-1374","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1108-1374"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130929","display_name":"Abb\u00e8s Laghrour University of Khenchela","ror":"https://ror.org/02yyskm09","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130929"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daoud Rezzak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Abbes Laghrour University of Khenchela, Khenchela, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Abbes Laghrour University of Khenchela, Khenchela, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130929"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037244539","display_name":"Nasserdine Boudjerda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3988-6086","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3988-6086"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116970179","display_name":"University of Jijel","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkfk814","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116970179"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nasserdine Boudjerda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Renewable Energy (LER), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Renewable Energy (LER), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116970179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036818338","https://openalex.org/A5037244539","https://openalex.org/A5106775736"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116970179","https://openalex.org/I4210130929"],"apc_list":{"value":4090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4090},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4795,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57856254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"107","issue":"10","first_page":"13653","last_page":"13679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11007","display_name":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management-strategy","display_name":"energy management strategy","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cells","display_name":"fuel cells","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercapacitors","display_name":"supercapacitors","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/batteries","display_name":"batteries","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-energy-storage-system","display_name":"hybrid energy storage","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tramway","display_name":"streetcars","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-pi-controller","display_name":"adaptive PI controller","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dc-link-voltage-control","display_name":"DC bus voltage regulation","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-consumption-reduction","display_name":"hydrogen consumption reduction","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-floor-light-rail-vehicles","display_name":"low-floor light rail vehicles","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient-response","display_name":"transient response","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-control","display_name":"robust control","score":0.6650000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6585489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754523","display_name":"Supercapacitor","level":4,"score":0.8257765769958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.6611056327819824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5870033502578735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5642806887626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.5084525346755981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.46646440029144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.43804463744163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39471372961997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3799392282962799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3636237382888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3436942398548126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.32313328981399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.1953144073486328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.18957266211509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.14604270458221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12659293413162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.11181807518005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00202-025-03229-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-025-03229-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-025-03229-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111975091","display_name":"Electrical Engineering","issn_l":"0003-9039","issn":["0003-9039","0948-7921","1432-0487"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Electrical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":1.0,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W224379181","https://openalex.org/W1492299490","https://openalex.org/W1523434051","https://openalex.org/W1974632557","https://openalex.org/W1991011812","https://openalex.org/W2017283779","https://openalex.org/W2039633010","https://openalex.org/W2049150057","https://openalex.org/W2067882791","https://openalex.org/W2107343234","https://openalex.org/W2151943018","https://openalex.org/W2157072062","https://openalex.org/W2344823306","https://openalex.org/W2510750359","https://openalex.org/W2536725230","https://openalex.org/W2560266268","https://openalex.org/W2562465851","https://openalex.org/W2615836844","https://openalex.org/W2624971682","https://openalex.org/W2627057877","https://openalex.org/W2751368542","https://openalex.org/W2752975649","https://openalex.org/W2765583927","https://openalex.org/W2766491758","https://openalex.org/W2768134755","https://openalex.org/W2771779135","https://openalex.org/W2887241567","https://openalex.org/W2911688936","https://openalex.org/W2913712572","https://openalex.org/W2914591047","https://openalex.org/W2945101687","https://openalex.org/W2964403006","https://openalex.org/W2990731628","https://openalex.org/W2997319916","https://openalex.org/W3000099407","https://openalex.org/W3046932861","https://openalex.org/W3047003773","https://openalex.org/W3047385953","https://openalex.org/W3047485170","https://openalex.org/W3095032651","https://openalex.org/W3118304693","https://openalex.org/W3212757279","https://openalex.org/W3213238774","https://openalex.org/W3216316500","https://openalex.org/W4200167866","https://openalex.org/W4210339139","https://openalex.org/W4221071116","https://openalex.org/W4223537126","https://openalex.org/W4225155421","https://openalex.org/W4225939417","https://openalex.org/W4226134103","https://openalex.org/W4247411093","https://openalex.org/W4290017421","https://openalex.org/W4295845619","https://openalex.org/W4312262794","https://openalex.org/W4313018862","https://openalex.org/W4318259829","https://openalex.org/W4377143179","https://openalex.org/W4385688776","https://openalex.org/W4385688831","https://openalex.org/W4386744014","https://openalex.org/W4390640978","https://openalex.org/W4399679910","https://openalex.org/W4401330653","https://openalex.org/W4401963325","https://openalex.org/W4402949276","https://openalex.org/W4402995739","https://openalex.org/W4403844625","https://openalex.org/W4404076667","https://openalex.org/W4404540796","https://openalex.org/W4404829230","https://openalex.org/W4406959138","https://openalex.org/W4408100325","https://openalex.org/W4408651346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403484260","https://openalex.org/W1573477700","https://openalex.org/W4223537126","https://openalex.org/W2782009252","https://openalex.org/W2624971682","https://openalex.org/W3003674257","https://openalex.org/W2017283779","https://openalex.org/W2080049740","https://openalex.org/W2896371278","https://openalex.org/W2023209872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"presents":[3],"an":[4,15],"enhanced":[5],"Energy":[6,72],"Management":[7,73],"Strategy":[8],"for":[9],"a":[10,55],"hybrid":[11],"(FuelCell-Supercapacitor-Battery)":[12],"tramway,":[13],"using":[14,80],"adaptive":[16,100,113,135],"Proportional-Integral(PI)":[17],"controller.":[18],"The":[19,67,112],"main":[20],"objectives":[21],"are:":[22],"i)":[23],"prevent":[24],"sudden":[25],"changes":[26],"in":[27],"the":[28,38,51,64,70,89,94,99,104,117,128,134,156,161],"fuel":[29,164],"cellcurrent":[30],"to":[31,84],"prolong":[32],"its":[33],"lifespan;":[34],"ii)":[35],"effectively":[36],"track":[37],"power":[39],"requirements":[40],"of":[41,63,69,93,127,142,150,163],"thetramway":[42],"under":[43],"both":[44],"steady-state":[45],"and":[46,58,124,167],"transient":[47,125],"conditions;":[48],"iii)":[49],"regulate":[50],"DCbus":[52],"voltage":[53,148],"at":[54],"predefined":[56],"reference;":[57],"iv)":[59],"achieve":[60],"robust":[61],"control":[62,106,158],"hybridpower":[65],"source.":[66],"development":[68],"proposed":[71],"Strategywas":[74],"conducted":[75],"through":[76],"two":[77],"stages:":[78],"first,":[79],"cascaded":[81],"PI":[82,101,114,136],"controllers":[83],"evaluatecontrol":[85],"performance":[86],"based":[87],"on":[88],"Turkish":[90],"Driving":[91],"Cycle":[92],"LF-LRV":[95],"tramway;and":[96],"second,":[97],"integrating":[98],"controller":[102,115,137],"into":[103],"inner":[105],"loop":[107],"ofthe":[108],"DC":[109,129,146],"bus":[110,147],"voltage.":[111],"outperforms":[116],"conventional":[118],"PIcontroller":[119],"by":[120,131],"significantly":[121],"reducing":[122],"chattering":[123],"peaks":[126],"busvoltage":[130],"77%.":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"responds":[138],"robustly":[139],"toparameter":[140],"variations":[141],"Cbus,":[143],"ensuring":[144],"steady":[145],"clear":[149],"chatteringor":[151],"disturbance.":[152],"These":[153],"improvements":[154],"enhance":[155],"overall":[157],"performance,thereby":[159],"advancing":[160],"sustainability":[162],"cell-based":[165],"tramways":[166],"promotingenvironmentally":[168],"friendly":[169],"urban":[170],"transportation.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}