{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411699263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2025.2515985","title":"Contact lens teaching in an international sample of universities","display_name":"Contact lens teaching in an international sample of universities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411699263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2025.2515985","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40567204"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08164622.2025.2515985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2025.2515985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2025.2515985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110643388","display_name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","issn_l":"0816-4622","issn":["0816-4622","0817-881X","1444-0938"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088858625","display_name":"Sabrina Braga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7285-3509","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7285-3509"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136792","display_name":"Universidade do Contestado","ror":"https://ror.org/03qbgfe05","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136792"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabrina Braga","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Contestado"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7285-3509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Contestado","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038184629","display_name":"Leandro Stuermer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6433-2333","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6433-2333"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136792","display_name":"Universidade do Contestado","ror":"https://ror.org/03qbgfe05","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136792"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leandro Stuermer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Contestado"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6433-2333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Contestado","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136792"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047883754","display_name":"Ra\u00fal Mart\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7156-619X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7156-619X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raul Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Valladolid"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7156-619X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Valladolid","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047883754"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"109","issue":"1","first_page":"87","last_page":"94"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.9009000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.9009000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.03350000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.027400000020861626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-lens-education","display_name":"contact lens education","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry-curriculum","display_name":"optometry curriculum","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry-education","display_name":"optometry education","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-health","display_name":"eye health","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation-based-training","display_name":"simulation-based training","score":0.38999998569488525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986805488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23797","display_name":"Contact lens","level":2,"score":0.709632396697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.6661125421524048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5728233456611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4554550051689148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.42632555961608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.42316633462905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.34914255142211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3482789993286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14792636036872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003261","descriptor_name":"Contact Lenses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003479","descriptor_name":"Curriculum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009907","descriptor_name":"Optometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013663","descriptor_name":"Teaching","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014495","descriptor_name":"Universities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08164622.2025.2515985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2025.2515985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08164622.2025.2515985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110643388","display_name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","issn_l":"0816-4622","issn":["0816-4622","0817-881X","1444-0938"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40567204","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40567204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical & experimental optometry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1645519280","https://openalex.org/W1855343024","https://openalex.org/W1921230645","https://openalex.org/W1974066926","https://openalex.org/W1997107606","https://openalex.org/W2017358996","https://openalex.org/W2093799528","https://openalex.org/W2138463127","https://openalex.org/W2610151453","https://openalex.org/W2896500548","https://openalex.org/W2901928126","https://openalex.org/W2911874044","https://openalex.org/W2921444239","https://openalex.org/W2944466288","https://openalex.org/W2996272936","https://openalex.org/W3016518030","https://openalex.org/W3030583403","https://openalex.org/W3094505088","https://openalex.org/W3133069318","https://openalex.org/W3206484434","https://openalex.org/W4212929285","https://openalex.org/W4226316431","https://openalex.org/W4320915299","https://openalex.org/W4327717406","https://openalex.org/W4377823026"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6990979758","https://openalex.org/W2002824301","https://openalex.org/W3133069318","https://openalex.org/W2413427330","https://openalex.org/W4229033147","https://openalex.org/W7131365943","https://openalex.org/W4320915299","https://openalex.org/W2324552987","https://openalex.org/W3087008153","https://openalex.org/W2580351306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clinical":[0],"relevance":[1],"Undergraduate":[2],"contact":[3],"lens":[4],"(CL)":[5],"education":[6,62,312],"subjects":[7,189,209,233,258],"provide":[8,26],"basic":[9],"background":[10],"to":[11,21,54,60,133,283,299,308,325],"guarantee":[12],"eye":[13],"health":[14],"in":[15,41,63,85,247,286],"CL":[16,33,61,104,107,164,170,188,194,208,214,238,257,265,284,309,322],"wearers":[17],"that":[18,92],"is":[19,35,281],"crucial":[20],"avoid":[22],"CL-related":[23],"complications":[24],"and":[25,83,88,120,123,146,166,200,256,297,303,317],"better":[27],"eye-care":[28],"by":[29,177],"best":[30],"qualified":[31],"optometrists.Background":[32],"training":[34,45],"a":[36],"very":[37],"important":[38],"optometrist":[39,44],"skill":[40],"most":[42,153],"university":[43,74,138,295],"programmes":[46,91,143,289],"worldwide.":[47],"The":[48,101],"purpose":[49],"of":[50,67,72,96,103,114,136,277],"this":[51],"study":[52],"was":[53,79,271],"assess":[55],"the":[56,97,134,152,248,287,305],"teaching":[57,108,126,154,171,195,215,224,239,251,266,285,301,323],"time":[58,127,155,225,252,267,280,306],"dedicated":[59,151,282],"an":[64],"international":[65],"sample":[66],"40":[68],"universities.Methods":[69],"A":[70],"review":[71],"official":[73],"websites":[75],"offering":[76],"optometry":[77,142,288],"courses":[78],"conducted":[80],"between":[81],"2020":[82],"2022":[84],"English,":[86],"Spanish,":[87],"Portuguese.":[89],"Only":[90],"provided":[93],"detailed":[94],"descriptions":[95],"curriculum":[98],"were":[99,130,144,262],"included.":[100],"number":[102],"subjects,":[105,165],"total":[106,278],"hours":[109,172],"(calculated":[110],"using":[111,117],"online":[112],"description":[113],"subject":[115],"credits":[116],"available":[118],"conversion":[119],"equivalence":[121],"tables),":[122],"entire":[124,249],"program":[125,250],"(in":[128],"hours)":[129,159],"compared":[131],"according":[132],"country":[135],"each":[137],"(grouped":[139],"geographically).Results":[140],"Forty":[141],"identified":[145],"analysed.":[147,290],"North":[148],"American":[149,179],"universities":[150,180,202,221],"(3,309":[156],"\u00b1":[157,162,168,174,182,186,192,198,206,212,218,227,231,236,242],"311":[158,228],"with":[160,190,210,234],"3.1":[161],"1.3":[163],"188.9":[167],"91.8":[169],"(5.7":[173],"2.9%),":[175],"followed":[176],"Latin":[178],"(3,008":[181],"307":[183],"hours,":[184,196,204,216,229,240],"2.5":[185],"0.8":[187],"141.2":[191],"49.4":[193],"4.7":[197],"1.5%)":[199],"Oceanian":[201],"(3,000":[203],"1.5":[205],"0.6":[207],"112.5":[211],"43.3":[213],"3.7":[217],"1.4%).":[219],"European":[220],"showed":[222],"lower":[223],"(2,123":[226],"2.1":[230],"1.0":[232],"130.0":[235],"49.6":[237],"6.0":[241],"1.8%).":[243],"Statistically":[244],"significant":[245],"differences":[246],"(p":[253,259,268],"<":[254],"0.01)":[255],"=":[260,269],"0.02)":[261],"found;":[263],"however,":[264],"0.43)":[270],"not":[272],"significantly":[273],"different.Conclusion":[274],"Approximately":[275],"5%":[276],"programme":[279],"These":[291],"findings":[292],"could":[293,319],"help":[294,320],"administrators":[296],"faculty":[298],"refine":[300],"plans":[302],"adjust":[304],"allocated":[307],"practices.":[310],"New":[311],"techniques":[313],"based":[314],"on":[315],"technology":[316],"simulators":[318],"improve":[321],"prior":[324],"introducing":[326],"students":[327],"into":[328],"clinical":[329],"environments.":[330]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
