{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411682802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.25.25330265","title":"Clinician-Led Code-Free Deep Learning for Detecting Papilloedema and Pseudopapilloedema Using Optic Disc Imaging","display_name":"Clinician-Led Code-Free Deep Learning for Detecting Papilloedema and Pseudopapilloedema Using Optic Disc Imaging","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411682802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.25.25330265"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.25330265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.25.25330265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.25.25330265","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2025/06/26/2025.06.25.25330265.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2025/06/26/2025.06.25.25330265.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030189293","display_name":"Ranjeetha Shenoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-9009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-9009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riddhi Shenoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Leicester;","Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-9009","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Leicester;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110140839","display_name":"Gurtek\u00a0Singh Samra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1293-8384","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1293-8384"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gurtek Singh Samra","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rishi Sekhri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rishi Sekhri","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023251296","display_name":"Ha-Jun Yoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0334-213X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0334-213X","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9483-5329"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ha-Jun Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050870022","display_name":"Seema Teli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seema Teli","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020268381","display_name":"Ian De Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8770-9984","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8770-9984"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800281165","display_name":"Leicester Royal Infirmary","ror":"https://ror.org/03jkz2y73","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800281165","https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802445252","display_name":"University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/02fha3693","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian DeSilva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800281165","https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065558770","display_name":"Zhanhan Tu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanhan Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038628173","display_name":"Gail D. E. Maconachie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-3480","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-3480"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gail DE Maconachie","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","School of Allied Health Professionals, Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK","Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Allied Health Professionals, Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043098553","display_name":"Mervyn George Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-1234","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-1234"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800281165","display_name":"Leicester Royal Infirmary","ror":"https://ror.org/03jkz2y73","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800281165","https://openalex.org/I2802445252"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mervyn G Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leicester","Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK","Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leicester","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800281165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulverscroft Eye Unit, School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043098553"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349","https://openalex.org/I2800281165"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/papilledema","display_name":"papilledema","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optic-disc-imaging","display_name":"optic disc imaging","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-infrared-reflectance-imaging","display_name":"near-infrared reflectance imaging","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"optical coherence tomography","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-machine-learning","display_name":"automated machine learning","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optic-disc-drusen","display_name":"optic disc drusen","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amazon-rekognition","display_name":"Amazon Rekognition","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-diagnosis","display_name":"automated diagnosis","score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma-screening","display_name":"glaucoma screening","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuro-ophthalmology","display_name":"neuro-ophthalmology","score":0.5590000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5221683979034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45171549916267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42480623722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3596500754356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33660489320755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30399972200393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10996943712234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.25330265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.25.25330265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.25.25330265","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2025/06/26/2025.06.25.25330265.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.25330265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.25.25330265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.25.25330265","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2025/06/26/2025.06.25.25330265.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1479623329","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CL\u20102017\u201011\u2010003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","funder_display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3891727173","display_name":"Leicester \u2013 Confidence in Concept 2019","funder_award_id":"MC_PC_19043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4821372745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MC_PC_17171","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320661","display_name":"Ulverscroft Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00p3nsd37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411682802.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411682802.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590591198","https://openalex.org/W2066117512","https://openalex.org/W2084569758","https://openalex.org/W2148053247","https://openalex.org/W2150373199","https://openalex.org/W2766865974","https://openalex.org/W2775911781","https://openalex.org/W2972198316","https://openalex.org/W3014750323","https://openalex.org/W3015487562","https://openalex.org/W3039941274","https://openalex.org/W3084034036","https://openalex.org/W3107454445","https://openalex.org/W3134660377","https://openalex.org/W3160464706","https://openalex.org/W4319083388","https://openalex.org/W4388348377","https://openalex.org/W4390696882","https://openalex.org/W4391957721","https://openalex.org/W4392499405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7130696554","https://openalex.org/W4415421476","https://openalex.org/W2093655034","https://openalex.org/W4400100416","https://openalex.org/W3180110917","https://openalex.org/W2968308977","https://openalex.org/W4399921338","https://openalex.org/W7139987193","https://openalex.org/W4413769864","https://openalex.org/W4389374455"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Importance":[1],"Differentiating":[2],"pseudopapilloedema":[3,378],"from":[4,90,115,203,255,308,377],"papilloedema":[5,82,155,189,202,210,254,258,376,402],"is":[6,26,348],"challenging,":[7],"but":[8,284],"critical":[9],"for":[10,28,46,56,75,182,232,325,433],"prompt":[11],"diagnosis":[12,20,47,60],"and":[13,33,51,58,61,79,105,127,141,160,177,187,193,206,229,248,271,278,289,294,315,339,345,355,399],"to":[14,185,331,337,350,391],"avoid":[15],"unnecessary":[16],"invasive":[17,434],"procedures.":[18],"Following":[19],"of":[21,31,64,72,81,99,118,269,274,298,401],"papilloedema,":[22,428],"objectively":[23],"grading":[24,63,209,316],"severity":[25,62,80,211,259,400],"important":[27],"determining":[29],"urgency":[30],"management":[32],"therapeutic":[34],"response.":[35],"Automated":[36],"machine":[37,371],"learning":[38,367,372],"(AutoML)":[39,373],"has":[40],"emerged":[41],"as":[42],"a":[43],"promising":[44],"tool":[45],"in":[48,252,313,357,426],"medical":[49],"imaging":[50,138],"may":[52,416],"provide":[53,320],"accessible":[54],"opportunities":[55],"consistent":[57],"accurate":[59],"papilloedema.":[65,317,341],"Objective":[66],"This":[67,296],"study":[68,110,123],"evaluates":[69],"the":[70,77,97,222,240,244,397,411,431],"feasibility":[71],"AutoML":[73,101,169,302,387,415],"models":[74,319,368,393],"distinguishing":[76,201,253,314],"presence":[78,398],"using":[83,113,219,304,369,379],"near":[84],"infrared":[85],"reflectance":[86],"images":[87,306],"(NIR)":[88],"obtained":[89,307],"standard":[91,309],"optical":[92],"coherence":[93],"tomography":[94],"(OCT),":[95],"comparing":[96],"performance":[98,216,283],"different":[100],"platforms.":[102],"Design,":[103],"setting":[104],"participants":[106],"A":[107],"retrospective":[108],"cohort":[109],"was":[111,217],"conducted":[112],"data":[114],"University":[116],"Hospitals":[117],"Leicester,":[119],"NHS":[120],"Trust.":[121],"The":[122,143],"involved":[124],"289":[125],"adults":[126],"children":[128],"patients":[129,146],"(813":[130],"images)":[131],"who":[132],"underwent":[133],"optic":[134,149,161,380,404],"nerve":[135],"head-centred":[136],"OCT":[137,310],"between":[139],"2021":[140],"2024.":[142],"dataset":[144],"included":[145],"with":[147,266,407,422],"normal":[148,204],"discs":[150,205],"(69":[151],"patients,":[152,157,166],"185":[153],"images),":[154,159],"(135":[156],"372":[158],"disc":[162,381,405],"drusen":[163],"(ODD)":[164],"(85":[165],"256":[167],"images).":[168],"platforms":[170,303,388],"-":[171],"Amazon":[172,237,261,408],"Rekognition,":[173],"Medic":[174,279],"Mind":[175,280],"(MM)":[176],"Google":[178,276],"Vertex":[179,277],"were":[180,198,389],"evaluated":[181,218],"their":[183,352],"ability":[184],"classify":[186],"grade":[188],"severity.":[190],"Main":[191],"outcomes":[192],"measures":[194],"Two":[195],"classification":[196],"tasks":[197],"performed:":[199],"(1)":[200],"ODD;":[207],"(2)":[208],"(mild/moderate":[212],"vs.":[213],"severe).":[214],"Model":[215],"area":[220],"under":[221],"curve":[223],"(AUC),":[224],"precision,":[225],"recall,":[226],"F1":[227,249,272],"score,":[228],"confusion":[230],"matrices":[231],"all":[233],"six":[234],"models.":[235],"Results":[236],"Rekognition":[238,262,409],"outperformed":[239],"other":[241],"platforms,":[242],"achieving":[243],"highest":[245,412],"AUC":[246,268],"(0.90)":[247],"score":[250,273],"(0.81)":[251],"normal/ODD.":[256],"For":[257],"grading,":[260],"also":[263],"performed":[264],"best,":[265],"an":[267,321],"0.90":[270],"0.79.":[275],"demonstrated":[281],"good":[282],"had":[285],"slightly":[286],"lower":[287],"accuracy":[288],"higher":[290],"misclassification":[291],"rates.":[292],"Conclusions":[293],"relevance":[295],"evaluation":[297],"three":[299],"widely":[300,385],"available":[301,386],"NIR":[305],"shows":[311],"promise":[312],"These":[318],"accessible,":[322],"scalable":[323],"solution":[324],"clinical":[326,353,418],"teams":[327],"without":[328],"coding":[329,424],"expertise":[330],"feasibly":[332],"develop":[333,392],"intelligent":[334],"diagnostic":[335],"systems":[336],"recognise":[338],"characterise":[340],"Further":[342],"external":[343],"validation":[344],"prospective":[346],"testing":[347],"needed":[349],"confirm":[351],"utility":[354],"applicability":[356],"diverse":[358],"settings.":[359],"Key":[360],"Points":[361],"Question:":[362],"Can":[363],"clinician-led,":[364],"code-free":[365],"deep":[366],"automated":[370],"accurately":[374],"differentiate":[375],"imaging?":[382],"Findings:":[383],"Three":[384],"used":[390],"that":[394],"successfully":[395],"distinguish":[396],"on":[403],"imaging,":[406],"demonstrating":[410],"performance.":[413],"Meaning:":[414],"assist":[417],"teams,":[419],"even":[420],"those":[421],"limited":[423],"expertise,":[425],"diagnosing":[427],"potentially":[429],"reducing":[430],"need":[432],"investigations.":[435]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}