{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411604530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3107.240841","title":"Assessing Readiness of International Investigations into Alleged Biological Weapons Use","display_name":"Assessing Readiness of International Investigations into Alleged Biological Weapons Use","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411604530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3107.240841","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40562713","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12205372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3201/eid3107.240841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3107.240841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3107.240841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189281586","display_name":"Emerging infectious diseases","issn_l":"1080-6040","issn":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315581","host_organization_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315581"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3107.240841","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085930687","display_name":"Maximilian Brackmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0079-1693","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0079-1693"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151147792","display_name":"Peace Research Institute Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/021k10z87","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24359323","display_name":"Robert Koch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5qnb77","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800897744","display_name":"Spiez Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00zb6nk96","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Brackmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624","https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118614481","display_name":"Anja Blasse","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151147792","display_name":"Peace Research Institute Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/021k10z87","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24359323","display_name":"Robert Koch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5qnb77","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800897744","display_name":"Spiez Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00zb6nk96","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anja Blasse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624","https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088329297","display_name":"J\u00falio Gouveia-Carvalho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3331-3460","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3331-3460"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151147792","display_name":"Peace Research Institute Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/021k10z87","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24359323","display_name":"Robert Koch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5qnb77","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800897744","display_name":"Spiez Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00zb6nk96","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00falio Gouveia Carvalho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624","https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023196965","display_name":"Cindi R. Corbett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4158-1799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4158-1799"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151147792","display_name":"Peace Research Institute Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/021k10z87","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24359323","display_name":"Robert Koch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5qnb77","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800897744","display_name":"Spiez Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00zb6nk96","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cindi R. Corbett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624","https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058534098","display_name":"C\u00e9dric F. Invernizzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-5195","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-5195"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151147792","display_name":"Peace Research Institute Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/021k10z87","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24359323","display_name":"Robert Koch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5qnb77","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800897744","display_name":"Spiez Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00zb6nk96","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C\u00e9dric Invernizzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624","https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001975319","display_name":"Una Jakob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7784-0870","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7784-0870"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151147792","display_name":"Peace Research Institute Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/021k10z87","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24359323","display_name":"Robert Koch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5qnb77","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800897744","display_name":"Spiez Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00zb6nk96","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Una Jakob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624","https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082022148","display_name":"Stefan Kloth","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151147792","display_name":"Peace Research Institute Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/021k10z87","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24359323","display_name":"Robert Koch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5qnb77","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800897744","display_name":"Spiez Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00zb6nk96","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Kloth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624","https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051858503","display_name":"Filippa Lentzos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6427-4025","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6427-4025"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151147792","display_name":"Peace Research Institute Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/021k10z87","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24359323","display_name":"Robert Koch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5qnb77","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800897744","display_name":"Spiez Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00zb6nk96","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippa Lentzos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624","https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005818765","display_name":"Ines Mergler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151147792","display_name":"Peace Research Institute Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/021k10z87","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24359323","display_name":"Robert Koch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5qnb77","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800897744","display_name":"Spiez Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00zb6nk96","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ines Mergler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624","https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Per Wikstr\u00f6m","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151147792","display_name":"Peace Research Institute Frankfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/021k10z87","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24359323","display_name":"Robert Koch Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01k5qnb77","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24359323"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800897744","display_name":"Spiez Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00zb6nk96","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per Wikstr\u00f6m","raw_affiliation_strings":["Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland (M. Brackmann, C. Invernizzi); Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany (A. Blasse, S. Kloth, I. Mergler); Biological Defense Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal (J.G. Carvalho); National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (C.R. Corbett); Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany (U. Jakob); King\u2019s College London, London, UK (F. Lentzos); Swedish Defense Research Agency FOI, Umea, Sweden (P. Wikstr\u00f6m)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624","https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I2800897744"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085930687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624","https://openalex.org/I151147792","https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I24359323","https://openalex.org/I2800897744"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8975,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83172393,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"7","first_page":"1294","last_page":"1299"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13055","display_name":"Global Security and Public Health","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13055","display_name":"Global Security and Public Health","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11430","display_name":"Disaster Response and Management","score":0.042399998754262924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14372","display_name":"Environmental and Biological Research in Conflict Zones","score":0.00860000029206276,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-weapons","display_name":"biological weapons","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outbreak-investigation","display_name":"outbreak investigation","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conflict-settings","display_name":"conflict settings","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-manipulation","display_name":"information manipulation","score":0.503000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59411770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242560","display_name":"Biological warfare","level":2,"score":0.747433066368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.372905433177948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3595716953277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3483309745788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.28176426887512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2569308280944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.18396812677383423}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001694","descriptor_name":"Biological Warfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014480","descriptor_name":"United Nations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023482","descriptor_name":"Bioterrorism","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054045","descriptor_name":"Biological Warfare Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3201/eid3107.240841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3107.240841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3107.240841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189281586","display_name":"Emerging infectious diseases","issn_l":"1080-6040","issn":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315581","host_organization_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315581"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12205372","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12205372/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12205372/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Emerg Infect Dis","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:40562713","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40562713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Emerging infectious diseases","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:openaire/488d2482-4122-4b14-8c4f-82405cf8c12d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/488d2482-4122-4b14-8c4f-82405cf8c12d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brackmann, M, Blasse, A, Carvalho, J G, Corbett, C R, Invernizzi, C, Jakob, U, Kloth, S, Lentzos, F, Mergler, I & Wikstr\u00f6m, P 2025, 'Assessing Readiness of International Investigations into Alleged Biological Weapons Use', Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1294-1299. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3107.240841","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ca799fa5be28410c82b649a767a96724","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ca799fa5be28410c82b649a767a96724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 31, Iss 7, Pp 1294-1299 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3201/eid3107.240841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3107.240841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3107.240841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189281586","display_name":"Emerging infectious diseases","issn_l":"1080-6040","issn":["1080-6040","1080-6059"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315581","host_organization_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315581"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411604530.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411604530.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1779076401","https://openalex.org/W2002777249","https://openalex.org/W2889261893","https://openalex.org/W2889476205","https://openalex.org/W3125979372","https://openalex.org/W3165059378","https://openalex.org/W4387812663"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6948387004","https://openalex.org/W3165059378","https://openalex.org/W2889476205","https://openalex.org/W166844078","https://openalex.org/W2994658787","https://openalex.org/W2089378796","https://openalex.org/W4403171684","https://openalex.org/W124760964","https://openalex.org/W4391563647","https://openalex.org/W2143821076"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Without":[0],"clarity":[1],"if":[2],"an":[3,39],"outbreak":[4],"is":[5,121],"natural,":[6],"accidental,":[7],"or":[8,15,103],"deliberate,":[9],"infectious":[10],"disease":[11,127],"outbreaks":[12,50],"of":[13,22,51,59,63,87,98,101,115],"unknown":[14],"ambiguous":[16,52],"origin":[17,53],"can":[18],"lead":[19],"to":[20,34,56,84,124],"speculation":[21],"a":[23,82],"purposeful":[24],"biological":[25,64],"attack.":[26],"Outbreaks":[27],"in":[28],"conflict":[29],"settings":[30],"are":[31,54],"particularly":[32],"prone":[33],"suspicions":[35],"and":[36,45,74,118],"allegations.":[37],"In":[38],"increasingly":[40],"confrontative":[41],"global":[42],"geopolitical":[43],"landscape":[44],"with":[46,129],"active":[47],"information":[48],"manipulation,":[49],"likely":[55],"increase":[57],"concerns":[58],"the":[60,75,91,112,116],"deliberate":[61,88],"use":[62,89],"agents.":[65],"The":[66],"United":[67,76,92],"Nations":[68,77,93],"General":[69],"Assembly":[70],"has":[71,80],"agreed":[72],"on":[73],"Security":[78],"Council":[79],"endorsed":[81],"mechanism":[83,117],"investigate":[85,125],"allegations":[86],"titled":[90],"Secretary-General's":[94],"Mechanism":[95],"for":[96,131],"Investigation":[97],"Alleged":[99],"Use":[100],"Chemical":[102],"Biological":[104],"Weapons.":[105],"A":[106],"recent":[107],"full-scale":[108],"field":[109],"exercise":[110],"evaluated":[111],"deployment":[113],"readiness":[114],"found":[119],"it":[120],"well":[122],"placed":[123],"suspicious":[126],"outbreaks,":[128],"room":[130],"continual":[132],"improvement.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
