{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411589591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3791/67886","title":"COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah","display_name":"COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411589591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3791/67886","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40658663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3791/67886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3791/67886","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3791/67886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199738284","display_name":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","issn_l":"1940-087X","issn":["1940-087X","2834-8400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320416","host_organization_name":"MyJOVE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320416"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["MyJOVE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021139115","display_name":"Abrar Alghamdi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abrar A. Al-Ghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University; aayalghamdi@kau.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University; aayalghamdi@kau.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089368553","display_name":"Thamir A. Alandijany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9130-4031","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9130-4031"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thamir A. Alandijany","raw_affiliation_strings":["Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052520741","display_name":"Arwa A. Faizo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9484-9328","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9484-9328"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arwa A. Faizo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030781607","display_name":"Sherif Aly El-Kafrawy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3667-7529","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3667-7529"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherif A. El-Kafrawy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653748","display_name":"Ahmed M. Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7989-0466","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7989-0466"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed M. Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014907314","display_name":"Ahmed M. Tolah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4978-1541","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4978-1541"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed M. Tolah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012587617","display_name":"Fadi S. Qashqari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7138-5695","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7138-5695"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadi S. Qashqari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060318980","display_name":"Sayed Sartaj Sohrab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0663-0324","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0663-0324"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayed S. Sohrab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051146653","display_name":"Salwa Hindawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3804-5434","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3804-5434"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salwa I. Hindawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University; Blood Transfusion Services, King Abdulaziz University Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University; Blood Transfusion Services, King Abdulaziz University Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063259879","display_name":"Maha A. Badawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-2393","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-2393"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maha A. Badawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University; Blood Transfusion Services, King Abdulaziz University Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University; Blood Transfusion Services, King Abdulaziz University Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070429641","display_name":"Mai Albaik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2645-0021","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2645-0021"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600919","display_name":"Batterjee Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/00dqry546","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400600919"]}],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mai Albaik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400600919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110962910","display_name":"Hessa A. Al-Sharif","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hessa A. Al-Sharif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073398298","display_name":"Esam I. Azhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1736-181X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1736-181X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esam I. Azhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University; eazhar@kau.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University; eazhar@kau.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16789979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"220","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.012400000356137753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11754","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seroprevalence","display_name":"seroprevalence","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/igg","display_name":"IgG","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-donors","display_name":"blood donors","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lockdown","display_name":"lockdown","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymptomatic-transmission","display_name":"asymptomatic transmission","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutralizing-antibodies","display_name":"neutralizing antibodies","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jeddah","display_name":"Jeddah","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-arabia","display_name":"Saudi Arabia","score":0.8880000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778494684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511357","display_name":"Seroprevalence","level":4,"score":0.8676910400390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8097008466720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.7109777927398682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.690942645072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.6684802770614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.6653270721435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.5489342212677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4434519112110138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.368569940328598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.17564836144447327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45189115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502159","display_name":"Serology","level":3,"score":0.14957016706466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09988945722579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.06720462441444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000914","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000914","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000914","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001782","descriptor_name":"Blood Donors","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001782","descriptor_name":"Blood Donors","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001782","descriptor_name":"Blood Donors","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004797","descriptor_name":"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004797","descriptor_name":"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004797","descriptor_name":"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007074","descriptor_name":"Immunoglobulin G","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007074","descriptor_name":"Immunoglobulin G","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007074","descriptor_name":"Immunoglobulin G","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012529","descriptor_name":"Saudi Arabia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012529","descriptor_name":"Saudi Arabia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012529","descriptor_name":"Saudi Arabia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016036","descriptor_name":"Seroepidemiologic Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016036","descriptor_name":"Seroepidemiologic Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016036","descriptor_name":"Seroepidemiologic Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3791/67886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3791/67886","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3791/67886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199738284","display_name":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","issn_l":"1940-087X","issn":["1940-087X","2834-8400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320416","host_organization_name":"MyJOVE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320416"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["MyJOVE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40658663","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40658663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3127156785","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W4200329650","https://openalex.org/W4205215807","https://openalex.org/W3005417802","https://openalex.org/W4205754011","https://openalex.org/W4226296940","https://openalex.org/W3028835529","https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3134376730"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Coronavirus":[0],"disease":[1],"2019":[2,80,143],"(COVID-19),":[3],"caused":[4],"by":[5,126,134,220],"severe":[6],"acute":[7],"respiratory":[8],"syndrome":[9],"coronavirus":[10],"2":[11],"(SARS-CoV-2),":[12],"has":[13],"significantly":[14,202],"impacted":[15],"global":[16],"public":[17],"health":[18],"and":[19,56,71,128,207],"the":[20,27,45,140,153,171,180,221,228,232,235,265],"economy.":[21],"This":[22],"study":[23,75],"aimed":[24],"to":[25,42,81,144,158,177,184,263],"investigate":[26],"seroprevalence":[28,59,193,239,260],"of":[29,47,86,163,188,231,259,267],"IgG":[30,104,150],"antibodies":[31,105],"against":[32],"SARS-CoV-2":[33],"among":[34,195,205],"healthy":[35,91,196],"blood":[36,69,88,197],"donors":[37,92,198,209],"in":[38,226,238],"Jeddah,":[39],"Saudi":[40,222],"Arabia,":[41],"better":[43],"understand":[44],"dynamics":[46],"COVID-19":[48,217],"transmission":[49],"during":[50],"three":[51],"distinct":[52],"periods:":[53],"pre-lockdown,":[54],"during-lockdown,":[55],"post-lockdown.":[57],"The":[58,191,213],"was":[60,76,173,199],"assessed":[61],"concerning":[62],"demographic":[63],"factors":[64],"such":[65],"as":[66],"gender,":[67],"age,":[68],"group,":[70],"nationality.":[72],"A":[73,84],"cross-sectional":[74],"conducted":[77],"from":[78,90],"December":[79,82,178],"2020.":[83],"total":[85],"3,825":[87,118],"samples":[89,108,130,137,165],"were":[93,109,123,131,147,167,224],"screened":[94],"using":[95,112],"an":[96],"in-house":[97],"enzyme-linked":[98],"immunosorbent":[99],"assay":[100],"(ELISA)":[101],"for":[102,149,254],"anti-SARS-CoV-2":[103],"detection.":[106],"Positive":[107],"further":[110],"confirmed":[111,132],"a":[113,251],"micro-neutralization":[114],"(MN)":[115],"assay.":[116],"Of":[117],"serum":[119],"samples,":[120],"173":[121],"(4.5%)":[122],"tested":[124,168],"positive":[125,133],"ELISA,":[127],"147":[129],"MN.":[135],"All":[136],"collected":[138],"before":[139],"lockdown":[141,154,172],"(December":[142],"February":[145],"2020)":[146],"negative":[148],"antibodies.":[151],"During":[152],"period":[155],"(March":[156],"2020":[157,176],"June":[159],"2020),":[160,179],"44":[161],"out":[162,187],"1,482":[164],"(2.97%)":[166],"positive.":[169],"After":[170],"eased":[174],"(July":[175],"positivity":[181],"rate":[182,194],"increased":[183],"12.15%":[185],"(103":[186],"848":[189],"samples).":[190],"overall":[192],"3.84%,":[200],"with":[201],"higher":[203],"rates":[204],"non-Saudi":[206],"male":[208],"(p":[210],"=":[211],"0.00).":[212],"findings":[214],"suggest":[215],"that":[216,243],"restrictions":[218],"implemented":[219],"authorities":[223],"effective":[225],"reducing":[227],"initial":[229],"spread":[230,266],"virus.":[233],"However,":[234],"marked":[236],"increase":[237],"over":[240],"time":[241],"suggests":[242],"asymptomatic":[244],"or":[245],"mildly":[246],"symptomatic":[247],"individuals":[248],"may":[249],"pose":[250],"significant":[252],"risk":[253],"continued":[255],"transmission.":[256],"Continuous":[257],"monitoring":[258],"is":[261],"essential":[262],"control":[264],"COVID-19.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}