{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411541663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00132_1","title":"Religious paternalism: Ayatollahs\u2019 role in Twelver Shi\u2018i society since the nineteenth century in Iraq","display_name":"Religious paternalism: Ayatollahs\u2019 role in Twelver Shi\u2018i society since the nineteenth century in Iraq","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411541663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00132_1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1386/jciaw_00132_1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00132_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00132_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195473","display_name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq & the Arab World","issn_l":"2515-8538","issn":["2515-8538","2515-8546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311755","host_organization_name":"Intellect","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311755"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Intellect"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq &amp; the Arab World","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099526389","display_name":"Muhtadi Al-Abyadh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5811-2254","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5811-2254"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhtadi Al-Abyadh","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISNI: 0000000122943534 Universiti Sains Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5811-2254","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISNI: 0000000122943534 Universiti Sains Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005295527","display_name":"Mohammad Reevany Bustami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2021-1193","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2021-1193"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Reevany Bustami","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISNI: 0000000122943534 Universiti Sains Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2021-1193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISNI: 0000000122943534 Universiti Sains Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91947807,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"137","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10794","display_name":"Islamic Studies and History","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10794","display_name":"Islamic Studies and History","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13815","display_name":"Islamic Thought and Society Studies","score":0.01860000006854534,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13103","display_name":"Middle East Politics and Society","score":0.013399999588727951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ayatollahs","display_name":"ayatollahs","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/twelver-shi-ism","display_name":"Twelver Shiism","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usul-al-fiqh","display_name":"usul al-fiqh","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taqlid","display_name":"taqlid","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-authority","display_name":"religious authority","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-freedom","display_name":"individual liberty","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-leadership","display_name":"religious leadership","score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iraq","display_name":"Iraq","score":0.34299999475479126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2679804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58434","display_name":"Paternalism","level":2,"score":0.9801993370056152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201717286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938185","display_name":"Rationality","level":2,"score":0.7769778966903687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.7222112417221069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85940911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484181","display_name":"Fiqh","level":4,"score":0.5268572568893433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4921221137046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.44364139437675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4077492654323578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3666331470012665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.3463914394378662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.23196592926979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2102353572845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.09672626852989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.09399488568305969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168702047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482752","display_name":"Sharia","level":3,"score":0.08094093203544617}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1386/jciaw_00132_1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00132_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00132_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195473","display_name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq & the Arab World","issn_l":"2515-8538","issn":["2515-8538","2515-8546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311755","host_organization_name":"Intellect","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311755"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Intellect"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq &amp; the Arab World","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7599999904632568}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122045118","https://openalex.org/W603020388","https://openalex.org/W1055527381","https://openalex.org/W1967754623","https://openalex.org/W1978856994","https://openalex.org/W2027143530","https://openalex.org/W2033526339","https://openalex.org/W2060103320","https://openalex.org/W2087977633","https://openalex.org/W2127941060","https://openalex.org/W2130840290","https://openalex.org/W2137074370","https://openalex.org/W2137173277","https://openalex.org/W2221589882","https://openalex.org/W2273103875","https://openalex.org/W2470599144","https://openalex.org/W2581950623","https://openalex.org/W2769728755","https://openalex.org/W2811053040","https://openalex.org/W2884649526","https://openalex.org/W2901063031","https://openalex.org/W3002813722","https://openalex.org/W3102847881","https://openalex.org/W3109386999","https://openalex.org/W3180384090","https://openalex.org/W3195789892","https://openalex.org/W4206168157","https://openalex.org/W4210686227","https://openalex.org/W4225260038","https://openalex.org/W4226525322","https://openalex.org/W4237907642","https://openalex.org/W4242648405","https://openalex.org/W4244529883","https://openalex.org/W4252403114","https://openalex.org/W4319662107","https://openalex.org/W4321602124","https://openalex.org/W4362677891","https://openalex.org/W4386892430","https://openalex.org/W6807040179"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1802169379","https://openalex.org/W1604840853","https://openalex.org/W2895824671","https://openalex.org/W146975688","https://openalex.org/W2087794734","https://openalex.org/W2052077662","https://openalex.org/W610771372","https://openalex.org/W3198959937","https://openalex.org/W4293538940","https://openalex.org/W4245208695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Any":[0],"act":[1],"or":[2,6,12,134],"discourse":[3],"that":[4,94],"restricts":[5],"interferes":[7],"with":[8,104,126],"an":[9],"individual\u2019s":[10],"freedom":[11,128],"involves":[13,124],"decision-making":[14],"on":[15,137,141],"their":[16,138],"behalf":[17,139],"is":[18,101],"often":[19],"perceived":[20],"as":[21,80,107],"paternalistic":[22,47,58,82],"behaviour,":[23],"particularly":[24],"when":[25],"justified":[26],"by":[27,85],"rationality":[28],"for":[29,129],"the":[30,33,36,51,57,63,73,76,86,95,116,130],"benefit":[31,131],"of":[32,88,98,110,132],"individual.":[34],"Over":[35],"past":[37],"two":[38],"centuries,":[39],"Ayatollahs":[40,61,105],"have":[41],"been":[42],"observed":[43],"to":[44],"play":[45],"a":[46,67,81],"role":[48],"in":[49],"governing":[50],"Shi\u2018i":[52,64,79,99],"community.":[53,65],"This":[54],"research":[55],"examines":[56],"relationship":[59],"between":[60],"and":[62,70,112],"Utilizing":[66],"review":[68],"methodology":[69],"diverse":[71],"sources,":[72],"study":[74],"explores":[75],"U\u1e63\u016blis":[77],"Twelver":[78],"structure":[83],"governed":[84],"principles":[87],"U\u1e63\u016bl":[89],"al-Fiqh.":[90],"The":[91],"findings":[92],"suggest":[93],"foundational":[96],"thought":[97],"ideology":[100],"inherently":[102],"paternalistic,":[103],"acting":[106],"legitimate":[108],"agents":[109],"theology":[111],"legal":[113],"legislators":[114],"within":[115],"sect.":[117],"They":[118],"exert":[119],"influence":[120],"through":[121],"Taqlid,":[122],"which":[123],"interfering":[125],"individual":[127],"others":[133],"making":[135],"decisions":[136],"based":[140],"religious":[142],"authority.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
