{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411536615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200","title":"Mineralogy and provenance of red clay soils in Barind and Madhupur clay formations, Bangladesh: Implications for tectonic setting and chemical weathering","display_name":"Mineralogy and provenance of red clay soils in Barind and Madhupur clay formations, Bangladesh: Implications for tectonic setting and chemical weathering","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411536615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215885","display_name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences X","issn_l":"2590-0560","issn":["2590-0560"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Md.Golam Mostafa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17404232","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41","country_code":"BD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I902853133","display_name":"University of Rajshahi","ror":"https://ror.org/05nnyr510","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I902853133"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md.Golam Mostafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology and Mining, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh","Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology and Mining, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I902853133"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054647892","display_name":"Md. Aminur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4741-2507","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4741-2507"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17404232","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41","country_code":"BD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md.Aminur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085896122","display_name":"Pradip Kumar Biswas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-1523","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-1523"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17404232","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41","country_code":"BD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradip Kumar Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038855458","display_name":"Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5779-1382","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5779-1382"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071370769","display_name":"Md. Ripaj Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9200-8039","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9200-8039"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17404232","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41","country_code":"BD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md.Ripaj Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of National Analytical Research and Services (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of National Analytical Research and Services (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106609490","display_name":"Hayatullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5820-2131","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5820-2131"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17404232","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41","country_code":"BD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayatullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Md.Nakib Hossen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17404232","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41","country_code":"BD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md.Nakib Hossen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035293283","display_name":"M. Nuruzzaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1750-6553","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1750-6553"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17404232","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41","country_code":"BD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Nuruzzaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101638041","display_name":"Abu Yousuf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3854-8843","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3854-8843"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17404232","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41","country_code":"BD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abu Yousuf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Glass and Ceramic Research and Testing (IGCRT), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104577074","display_name":"Md. Hasnain Mustak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4795-7944","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4795-7944"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17404232","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41","country_code":"BD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Hasnain Mustak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010736102","display_name":"Md. Shohel Rana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3964-0107","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3964-0107","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5659-3824"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17404232","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41","country_code":"BD","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Shohel Rana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy (IMMM), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Joypurhat, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17404232"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17404232","https://openalex.org/I902853133"],"apc_list":{"value":2460,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2460},"apc_paid":{"value":2460,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2460},"fwci":1.5774,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81572265,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"100200","last_page":"100200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13102","display_name":"Soil and Environmental Studies","score":0.6064000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13102","display_name":"Soil and Environmental Studies","score":0.6064000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11740","display_name":"Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis","score":0.385699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10001","display_name":"Geological and Geochemical Analysis","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/red-clay","display_name":"red clay","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bengal-basin","display_name":"Bengal Basin","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sediment-provenance","display_name":"sediment provenance","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-weathering","display_name":"chemical weathering","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tectonic-setting","display_name":"tectonic setting","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metals","display_name":"heavy metals","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace-metals","display_name":"trace metals","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-index-of-alteration","display_name":"chemical index of alteration","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kaolinite","display_name":"kaolinite","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illite","display_name":"illite","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-oxide","display_name":"iron oxide","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/himalayan-erosion","display_name":"Himalayan erosion","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluvial-transport","display_name":"fluvial transport","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pleistocene-climate","display_name":"Pleistocene climate","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sediment-source-apportionment","display_name":"sediment source apportionment","score":0.7699999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40724407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179177","display_name":"Weathering","level":2,"score":0.8840774297714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780049196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23582628","display_name":"Provenance","level":2,"score":0.8627102375030518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.8077769875526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40212044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1799034","display_name":"Clay minerals","level":2,"score":0.6265926361083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.5997719764709473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.4429527521133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.43881362676620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.43862012028694153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.13033762574195862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.08780911564826965}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215885","display_name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences X","issn_l":"2590-0560","issn":["2590-0560"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2025.100200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215885","display_name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences X","issn_l":"2590-0560","issn":["2590-0560"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323579","display_name":"Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03njdre41"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1178663429","https://openalex.org/W1959437851","https://openalex.org/W1975247044","https://openalex.org/W1976936702","https://openalex.org/W1983749666","https://openalex.org/W1991540761","https://openalex.org/W2003135508","https://openalex.org/W2016223358","https://openalex.org/W2016372936","https://openalex.org/W2016497055","https://openalex.org/W2016848487","https://openalex.org/W2018923538","https://openalex.org/W2021300589","https://openalex.org/W2029401070","https://openalex.org/W2036057044","https://openalex.org/W2036726557","https://openalex.org/W2044175034","https://openalex.org/W2050716036","https://openalex.org/W2063556170","https://openalex.org/W2091061105","https://openalex.org/W2095976142","https://openalex.org/W2127251611","https://openalex.org/W2193856863","https://openalex.org/W2306724485","https://openalex.org/W2336838864","https://openalex.org/W2360902844","https://openalex.org/W2508956134","https://openalex.org/W2586325664","https://openalex.org/W2594055424","https://openalex.org/W2737323577","https://openalex.org/W2757589221","https://openalex.org/W2790138305","https://openalex.org/W2905004690","https://openalex.org/W2921951255","https://openalex.org/W2940864440","https://openalex.org/W2974619229","https://openalex.org/W2980217397","https://openalex.org/W2996383813","https://openalex.org/W3127266602","https://openalex.org/W3175990675","https://openalex.org/W3193799553","https://openalex.org/W3196372972","https://openalex.org/W4281874747","https://openalex.org/W4286636750","https://openalex.org/W4297894499","https://openalex.org/W4298003364","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4318264017","https://openalex.org/W4361221268","https://openalex.org/W4379010526","https://openalex.org/W4383337640","https://openalex.org/W4388439156","https://openalex.org/W4389580412","https://openalex.org/W4389919072","https://openalex.org/W4390292202","https://openalex.org/W4390979720","https://openalex.org/W4391429665","https://openalex.org/W4391504503","https://openalex.org/W4395960028","https://openalex.org/W4396973266","https://openalex.org/W4398268498","https://openalex.org/W4400007139","https://openalex.org/W4400311749","https://openalex.org/W4401215289","https://openalex.org/W4402101605","https://openalex.org/W4402996259","https://openalex.org/W4403115582","https://openalex.org/W4404811682","https://openalex.org/W4405569456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016497055","https://openalex.org/W281789120","https://openalex.org/W3192920212","https://openalex.org/W2257827466","https://openalex.org/W4410457671","https://openalex.org/W1558236068","https://openalex.org/W1977009542","https://openalex.org/W2098224175","https://openalex.org/W2211981413","https://openalex.org/W2241042930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,210],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,9,16,59,76,182,193,204,217,229],"geochemical":[4,52],"and":[5,11,25,51,62,90,95,107,116,119,199,215,224,245],"mineralogical":[6,144],"properties":[7],"of":[8,66,80,88,102,113,133,155,160,195,219],"Barind":[10],"Madhupur":[12],"clay":[13,68,89,232],"formations":[14],"in":[15,28,122,202,227],"Bengal":[17,205],"Basin,":[18],"focusing":[19],"on":[20],"their":[21],"provenance,":[22],"tectonic":[23,200],"setting":[24,201],"weathering":[26,53,96,121,226],"processes":[27],"relation":[29],"to":[30,57,151,168,173,240],"regional":[31,212],"geological":[32],"evolution.":[33],"Several":[34],"techniques":[35],"such":[36],"as":[37],"particle":[38,71],"size":[39,72],"distribution,":[40],"X-ray":[41,44],"diffraction":[42],"(XRD),":[43],"fluorescence":[45],"(XRF),":[46],"atomic":[47],"absorption":[48],"spectrometry":[49],"(AAS)":[50],"indices":[54],"were":[55],"applied":[56],"analyze":[58],"mineralogical,":[60],"chemical":[61,225],"heavy":[63],"metal":[64,177],"characteristics":[65],"red":[67,231],"soils.":[69,233],"The":[70,209],"distribution":[73],"reveals":[74,100],"that":[75],"soil":[77],"consists":[78],"predominantly":[79],"fine-grained":[81],"silt":[82],"(\u223c80":[83],"%),":[84],"with":[85,141],"minor":[86],"amounts":[87],"sand,":[91],"influenced":[92],"by":[93],"pedogenesis":[94],"processes.":[97],"Mineralogical":[98],"analysis":[99,148],"dominance":[101],"quartz,":[103],"kaolinite,":[104],"illite,":[105],"chlorite":[106],"iron":[108],"oxides,":[109],"suggesting":[110,187],"a":[111,123,138,142],"mix":[112],"weathered":[114],"metamorphic":[115],"sedimentary":[117],"rocks":[118],"intense":[120,174],"humid,":[124,196],"cold":[125,197],"Pleistocene":[126,207],"climate.":[127],"Geochemical":[128],"data":[129],"show":[130],"high":[131],"concentrations":[132,178],"SiO":[134],"2":[135],",":[136],"indicating":[137,171],"quartz-rich":[139],"source":[140,243],"mature":[143],"composition.":[145],"Principal":[146],"component":[147],"(PCA)":[149],"points":[150],"extensive":[152],"weathering,":[153],"particularly":[154],"mafic":[156],"rocks.":[157],"Chemical":[158],"index":[159],"alteration":[161],"(CIA)":[162],"values":[163],"ranges":[164],"from":[165],"70.93":[166],"%":[167],"90.80":[169],"%,":[170],"moderate":[172],"weathering.":[175,189],"Trace":[176],"are":[179],"lower":[180],"than":[181],"average":[183],"Upper":[184],"Continental":[185],"Crust,":[186],"long-term":[188],"These":[190],"findings":[191],"underscore":[192],"role":[194],"climates":[198],"shaping":[203],"Basin\u2019s":[206],"landscapes.":[208],"advances":[211],"paleoclimatic":[213],"reconstructions":[214],"highlights":[216],"interplay":[218],"Himalayan":[220],"erosion,":[221],"fluvial":[222],"transport":[223],"producing":[228],"distinctive":[230],"Future":[234],"work":[235],"should":[236],"integrate":[237],"isotopic":[238],"tracing":[239],"refine":[241],"sediment":[242],"apportionment":[244],"climatic":[246],"models.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}