{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411507259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.16.659916","title":"Label-Free Targeted High Efficiency Electroporation with Single-Cell Feedback Control Using Focused Microscale Electric Fields","display_name":"Label-Free Targeted High Efficiency Electroporation with Single-Cell Feedback Control Using Focused Microscale Electric Fields","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411507259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.16.659916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.659916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.16.659916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.16.659916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044795270","display_name":"Josiah Rudge","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802612298","display_name":"The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02j15s898","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josiah Rudge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013260847","display_name":"Yuvraj Rallapalli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802612298","display_name":"The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02j15s898","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuvraj Rallapalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092012671","display_name":"Madeline Hoyle","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802612298","display_name":"The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02j15s898","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madeline Hoyle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074890244","display_name":"Aniruddh Sarkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9327-1525","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9327-1525"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802612298","display_name":"The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02j15s898","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aniruddh Sarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9327-1525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074890244"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11455","display_name":"Microbial Inactivation Methods","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11455","display_name":"Microbial Inactivation Methods","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11255","display_name":"Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-voltage-electroporation","display_name":"low-voltage electroporation","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracellular-delivery","display_name":"intracellular delivery","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crispr-cas9-delivery","display_name":"CRISPR/Cas9 delivery","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mrna-delivery","display_name":"mRNA delivery","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-therapy-manufacturing","display_name":"cell therapy manufacturing","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peripheral-blood-mononuclear-cells","display_name":"peripheral blood mononuclear cells","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cells","display_name":"T cells","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-viability","display_name":"cell viability","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179428855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069216","display_name":"Microscale chemistry","level":2,"score":0.9570291042327881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186852380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142521","display_name":"Electroporation","level":3,"score":0.8382927179336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018651601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183635","display_name":"Feedback control","level":2,"score":0.511768102645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.48410117626190186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.45447996258735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.41389143466949463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3501216769218445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.31687605381011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2477550506591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.229647696018219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2205868363380432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15120288729667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1377478539943695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10703811049461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1101/2025.06.16.659916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.16.659916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.16.659916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46810001134872437}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969025862","https://openalex.org/W1978683040","https://openalex.org/W1983502139","https://openalex.org/W2022358190","https://openalex.org/W2070385686","https://openalex.org/W2074702555","https://openalex.org/W2076874513","https://openalex.org/W2078483179","https://openalex.org/W2094153893","https://openalex.org/W2097170827","https://openalex.org/W2406254439","https://openalex.org/W2588809330","https://openalex.org/W2611159092","https://openalex.org/W2732645178","https://openalex.org/W2735691291","https://openalex.org/W2799284807","https://openalex.org/W2883974966","https://openalex.org/W2885020841","https://openalex.org/W2896157240","https://openalex.org/W2932065144","https://openalex.org/W2981781723","https://openalex.org/W2982315340","https://openalex.org/W3004895699","https://openalex.org/W3007613875","https://openalex.org/W3093451589","https://openalex.org/W3109961441","https://openalex.org/W3129335133","https://openalex.org/W3164524028","https://openalex.org/W3172717784","https://openalex.org/W4220669045","https://openalex.org/W4220877530","https://openalex.org/W4220946322","https://openalex.org/W4283329854","https://openalex.org/W4283770226","https://openalex.org/W4312191227","https://openalex.org/W4327811540","https://openalex.org/W4378070903","https://openalex.org/W4378675516","https://openalex.org/W4380550712","https://openalex.org/W4382464400","https://openalex.org/W4385271103","https://openalex.org/W4386707864","https://openalex.org/W4388336484","https://openalex.org/W4390510272","https://openalex.org/W4402583150","https://openalex.org/W4404024270","https://openalex.org/W4406721173","https://openalex.org/W4410141775","https://openalex.org/W4410250890"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415308344","https://openalex.org/W4408849869","https://openalex.org/W2588809330","https://openalex.org/W3095818160","https://openalex.org/W2100831071","https://openalex.org/W3085954547","https://openalex.org/W4407583504","https://openalex.org/W7096191596","https://openalex.org/W4382464400","https://openalex.org/W3016205201"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Efficient,":[1],"safe,":[2],"and":[3,12,51,60,78,101,123,136,156],"cell-selective":[4],"intracellular":[5],"delivery":[6,97,124,151],"remains":[7],"a":[8,43,54,87,109,126,168],"bottleneck":[9],"for":[10,68,74,175],"scalable":[11],"cost-effective":[13],"manufacturing":[14],"of":[15,63,108,111,128],"cell":[16,77,105,130,154,159,177],"therapies.":[17],"Here,":[18],"we":[19],"introduce":[20],"Selective":[21],"Permeabilization":[22],"using":[23],"Impedance":[24,70],"Cytometry":[25],"(SPICy)":[26],"that":[27],"couples":[28],"multifrequency":[29],"single-cell":[30,37],"impedance":[31],"cytometry":[32],"with":[33],"real-time,":[34],"feedback-controlled,":[35],"low-voltage":[36,92],"electroporation.":[38,69],"Electric":[39],"field":[40],"focusing":[41],"in":[42,86],"3-D":[44],"printed":[45],"biconical":[46],"micro-aperture":[47],"confines":[48],"both":[49,153],"sensing":[50],"electroporation":[52,93],"to":[53,125,152],"microscale":[55],"zone,":[56],"enabling":[57],"continuous-flow":[58],"operation":[59],"the":[61],"use":[62],"low":[64],"voltages":[65],"(<15":[66],"V)":[67],"spectra":[71],"are":[72],"captured":[73],"each":[75],"single":[76],"machine-learning":[79],"based":[80,121],"analysis":[81],"enabled":[82],"accurately":[83],"distinguishing":[84],"cells":[85,135,140],"label-free":[88],"manner.":[89],"Selectively":[90],"triggered":[91],"achieved":[94],"simultaneous":[95],"high":[96,102],"efficiency":[98],"(>80":[99],"%)":[100,104],"(>90":[103],"viability.":[106],"Delivery":[107],"range":[110],"different":[112,129],"cargo":[113],"sizes":[114],"(4\u2013500":[115],"kDa),":[116],"GFP":[117],"mRNA":[118],"expression,":[119],"CRISPR-Cas9":[120],"knock-out":[122],"variety":[127],"lines,":[131,155],"primary":[132,157],"human":[133],"T":[134],"peripheral":[137],"blood":[138],"mononuclear":[139],"(PBMCs)":[141],"was":[142,163],"also":[143],"demonstrated.":[144,164],"Using":[145],"heterogenous":[146],"or":[147],"mixed":[148],"samples,":[149],"selective":[150],"immune":[158],"subpopulations,":[160],"from":[161],"PBMCs,":[162],"SPICy":[165],"thus":[166],"provides":[167],"label-free,":[169],"continuous":[170],"flow,":[171],"targeted":[172],"non-viral":[173],"platform":[174],"precision":[176],"engineering.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
