{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411298404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x","title":"A comparison of the 2023/24 El Ni\u00f1o with other El Ni\u00f1o events during 1981\u20142024 over the Okavango River Basin, southern Africa","display_name":"A comparison of the 2023/24 El Ni\u00f1o with other El Ni\u00f1o events during 1981\u20142024 over the Okavango River Basin, southern Africa","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411298404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202078656","display_name":"Theoretical and Applied Climatology","issn_l":"0066-6424","issn":["0066-6424","0177-798X","1434-4483"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theoretical and Applied Climatology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066752463","display_name":"Oliver Moses","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8641-7744","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8641-7744"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930208","display_name":"Okavango Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006kr7r70","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133","https://openalex.org/I4387930208"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Moses","raw_affiliation_strings":["Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133","https://openalex.org/I4387930208"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049346122","display_name":"Olga Laiza Kupika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3512-5829","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3512-5829"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930208","display_name":"Okavango Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006kr7r70","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133","https://openalex.org/I4387930208"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. L. Kupika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133","https://openalex.org/I4387930208"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030056632","display_name":"Wame Lucretia Hambira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1266-0738","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1266-0738"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399598453","display_name":"Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/05qjm4845","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399598453"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. L. Hambira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598453"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050698562","display_name":"Mangaliso J.S. Gondwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-5399","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-5399"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930208","display_name":"Okavango Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/006kr7r70","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133","https://openalex.org/I4387930208"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Gondwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133","https://openalex.org/I4387930208"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066752463"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133","https://openalex.org/I4387930208"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":1.8477,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83033073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"156","issue":"7","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9140999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9140999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11186","display_name":"Hydrology and Drought Analysis","score":0.08349999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10439","display_name":"Climate change impacts on agriculture","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/okavango-river-basin","display_name":"Okavango River Basin","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-anomalies","display_name":"rainfall anomalies","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-circulation-anomalies","display_name":"atmospheric circulation anomalies","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/okavango-delta","display_name":"Okavango Delta","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ngamiland","display_name":"Ngamiland","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chirps-rainfall","display_name":"CHIRPS precipitation","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-shortage","display_name":"grain shortage","score":0.6230000257492065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.5745579600334167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.4894329607486725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126645576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166620","display_name":"Drainage basin","level":2,"score":0.4828094244003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4800052046775818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4075102210044861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.346602201461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3364701271057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.1733747124671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.10968416929244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202078656","display_name":"Theoretical and Applied Climatology","issn_l":"0066-6424","issn":["0066-6424","0177-798X","1434-4483"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theoretical and Applied Climatology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00704-025-05593-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202078656","display_name":"Theoretical and Applied Climatology","issn_l":"0066-6424","issn":["0066-6424","0177-798X","1434-4483"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theoretical and Applied Climatology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.9786999821662903,"display_name":"Climate action"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.40450000762939453,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331569","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411298404.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411298404.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512880312","https://openalex.org/W1557548785","https://openalex.org/W1588713494","https://openalex.org/W1970937204","https://openalex.org/W1971659037","https://openalex.org/W1972120676","https://openalex.org/W1977918012","https://openalex.org/W1979658730","https://openalex.org/W1987041059","https://openalex.org/W1992688250","https://openalex.org/W1995091554","https://openalex.org/W1995212174","https://openalex.org/W1995622703","https://openalex.org/W1995676128","https://openalex.org/W1996863564","https://openalex.org/W2002310328","https://openalex.org/W2010149698","https://openalex.org/W2010546627","https://openalex.org/W2011145748","https://openalex.org/W2011443262","https://openalex.org/W2022996244","https://openalex.org/W2023875545","https://openalex.org/W2027672945","https://openalex.org/W2029538930","https://openalex.org/W2032926447","https://openalex.org/W2041208164","https://openalex.org/W2041220489","https://openalex.org/W2045467650","https://openalex.org/W2050607893","https://openalex.org/W2057387551","https://openalex.org/W2069370213","https://openalex.org/W2070428663","https://openalex.org/W2070597540","https://openalex.org/W2071155152","https://openalex.org/W2077106735","https://openalex.org/W2077968790","https://openalex.org/W2078746380","https://openalex.org/W2080905756","https://openalex.org/W2083474632","https://openalex.org/W2084980103","https://openalex.org/W2087916842","https://openalex.org/W2088789648","https://openalex.org/W2090029279","https://openalex.org/W2091888384","https://openalex.org/W2093036459","https://openalex.org/W2095823625","https://openalex.org/W2108690262","https://openalex.org/W2114706272","https://openalex.org/W2117530527","https://openalex.org/W2149041293","https://openalex.org/W2159511418","https://openalex.org/W2162824743","https://openalex.org/W2168426223","https://openalex.org/W2174756441","https://openalex.org/W2261645655","https://openalex.org/W2325069141","https://openalex.org/W2336952873","https://openalex.org/W2415743019","https://openalex.org/W2416501420","https://openalex.org/W2581525520","https://openalex.org/W2596440491","https://openalex.org/W2623586299","https://openalex.org/W2784097725","https://openalex.org/W2802288318","https://openalex.org/W2802291776","https://openalex.org/W2808115432","https://openalex.org/W2883326868","https://openalex.org/W2911001330","https://openalex.org/W2944021834","https://openalex.org/W2944524857","https://openalex.org/W2948007999","https://openalex.org/W2948404914","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3036195996","https://openalex.org/W3082464059","https://openalex.org/W3107200375","https://openalex.org/W3128022400","https://openalex.org/W3173473520","https://openalex.org/W3193743142","https://openalex.org/W4308814010","https://openalex.org/W4381848328","https://openalex.org/W4385765942","https://openalex.org/W4393996080","https://openalex.org/W4394567282"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3198131811","https://openalex.org/W2081022968","https://openalex.org/W2897193949","https://openalex.org/W2802288318","https://openalex.org/W2269222230","https://openalex.org/W4410244261","https://openalex.org/W4381252372","https://openalex.org/W4381848328","https://openalex.org/W4226292751","https://openalex.org/W2808313399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"early":[2],"2024":[3],"drought":[4],"in":[5,19,69,92,230,234],"southern":[6,52],"Africa,":[7],"which":[8,72],"was":[9,220],"worsened":[10],"by":[11],"an":[12],"El":[13,31,41,125,134,196,204],"Ni\u00f1o,":[14],"caused":[15],"serious":[16],"grain":[17],"shortages":[18],"the":[20,29,39,47,59,63,74,87,93,99,123,128,132,142,152,158,163,178,185,188,202,223,228],"region.":[21,94],"We":[22],"analyse":[23],"rainfall":[24,112,119,149,171],"and":[25,33,65,162,181,192],"circulation":[26],"anomalies":[27,200,211],"for":[28,38,78,111,201,213,244],"2023/24":[30,124,145,167,189,232],"Ni\u00f1o":[32,42,126,135,197,205],"compare":[34],"them":[35],"with":[36,105,122,131],"those":[37],"other":[40,133],"events":[43,136,206],"during":[44],"1981\u20132024":[45],"over":[46,141,157,175],"Okavango":[48,75],"River":[49],"Basin":[50],"(ORB),":[51],"Africa.":[53],"Attention":[54],"is":[55,84,109,115],"also":[56],"paid":[57],"to":[58,66,96,184],"north":[60,143,159,179],"catchment":[61,180],"of":[62,177,187,247],"ORB":[64,229],"Ngamiland":[67,161],"district":[68],"northwestern":[70],"Botswana,":[71],"contains":[73],"Delta,":[76],"world-famous":[77],"its":[79],"highly":[80],"biodiverse":[81],"ecosystems.":[82],"Focus":[83],"placed":[85],"on":[86],"wettest":[88],"months":[89],"(December-February":[90],"(DJF))":[91],"Due":[95],"data":[97,107],"sparsity,":[98],"Climate":[100],"Hazards":[101],"Group":[102],"Infrared":[103],"Precipitation":[104],"Station":[106],"(CHIRPS)":[108],"used":[110],"analysis.":[113],"It":[114],"found":[116],"that":[117,217],"DJF":[118,148,170,231,235],"totals":[120,129,150,172],"associated":[121,130],"minus":[127,146,168],"are":[137,173],"generally":[138],"negative":[139,155],"mainly":[140],"catchment.":[144],"2009/10":[147],"show":[151,216],"most":[153,176],"extensive":[154],"values":[156],"catchment,":[160],"adjoining":[164],"regions.":[165],"However,":[166],"2018/19":[169,193],"positive":[174],"Ngamiland,":[182],"contrary":[183],"strengths":[186],"(substantially":[190,194],"stronger)":[191],"weaker)":[195],"events.":[198],"Circulation":[199],"two":[203],"can":[207],"help":[208,240],"explain":[209],"these":[210],"since,":[212],"example,":[214],"they":[215],"more":[218],"moisture":[219],"advected":[221],"from":[222],"equatorial":[224],"Atlantic":[225],"Ocean":[226],"towards":[227],"than":[233],"2018/19.":[236],"These":[237],"findings":[238],"may":[239],"guide":[241],"policy":[242],"development":[243],"better":[245],"management":[246],"resources.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
