{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411208321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125403","title":"Weak Sustainability at Regional Scale","display_name":"Weak Sustainability at Regional Scale","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411208321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125403"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su17125403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125403","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/12/5403/pdf?version=1749650586","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/12/5403/pdf?version=1749650586","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080033018","display_name":"Alan John Randall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-5903","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-5903"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"ALAN RANDALL","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-5903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021698963","display_name":"Mackenzie Jones","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28721439","display_name":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/01h04ms65","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I28721439"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MACKENZIE JONES","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Information Administration, Buffalo, NY 14201, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Information Administration, Buffalo, NY 14201, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28721439"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090458144","display_name":"Elena G. Irwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7908-5964","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7908-5964"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ELENA G IRWIN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7908-5964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080033018"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.9902,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78759175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"12","first_page":"5403","last_page":"5403"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12013","display_name":"Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12013","display_name":"Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14440","display_name":"Quality of Life Measurement","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weak-sustainability","display_name":"weak sustainability","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusive-wealth","display_name":"inclusive wealth","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-sustainability-assessment","display_name":"regional sustainability assessment","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-capital","display_name":"health capital","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-productivity","display_name":"labor productivity","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-mobility","display_name":"spatial mobility","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-economic-growth","display_name":"regional economic growth","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counties","display_name":"counties","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"state","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-development","display_name":"regional development","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.6591427326202393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6146230697631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3443467617034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.32891392707824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21805378794670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.07810941338539124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0705711841583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su17125403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125403","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/12/5403/pdf?version=1749650586","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202410.0900.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.0900.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.0900.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su17125403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125403","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/12/5403/pdf?version=1749650586","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4472701730","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018-6800227932","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5640481818","display_name":"INFEWS/T1: Impacts of Deglobalization on the Sustainability of Regional Food, Energy, Water Systems","funder_award_id":"1739909","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6348636319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#2018-68002-27932","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332299","display_name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05qx3fv49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411208321.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411208321.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123966081","https://openalex.org/W615208969","https://openalex.org/W1489322328","https://openalex.org/W1499074112","https://openalex.org/W1798084261","https://openalex.org/W1976128508","https://openalex.org/W1982417766","https://openalex.org/W1985285306","https://openalex.org/W1991954685","https://openalex.org/W2018013544","https://openalex.org/W2025474683","https://openalex.org/W2038491445","https://openalex.org/W2051688880","https://openalex.org/W2067314032","https://openalex.org/W2076706855","https://openalex.org/W2079057516","https://openalex.org/W2096105985","https://openalex.org/W2101327516","https://openalex.org/W2102215066","https://openalex.org/W2111913540","https://openalex.org/W2129128594","https://openalex.org/W2136088786","https://openalex.org/W2137229743","https://openalex.org/W2155983951","https://openalex.org/W2162356402","https://openalex.org/W2165162942","https://openalex.org/W2165386141","https://openalex.org/W2168688088","https://openalex.org/W2171324839","https://openalex.org/W2187107106","https://openalex.org/W2289847748","https://openalex.org/W2461727520","https://openalex.org/W2477358729","https://openalex.org/W2496325610","https://openalex.org/W2517272107","https://openalex.org/W2571513158","https://openalex.org/W2689868739","https://openalex.org/W2737653058","https://openalex.org/W2752384816","https://openalex.org/W2765852584","https://openalex.org/W2883366853","https://openalex.org/W2892282484","https://openalex.org/W2898878990","https://openalex.org/W2912536055","https://openalex.org/W2998772243","https://openalex.org/W3032037076","https://openalex.org/W3035727072","https://openalex.org/W3036656090","https://openalex.org/W3039086183","https://openalex.org/W3094426276","https://openalex.org/W3118578317","https://openalex.org/W3121405551","https://openalex.org/W3121531960","https://openalex.org/W3122705693","https://openalex.org/W3124411200","https://openalex.org/W3125000515","https://openalex.org/W3125484953","https://openalex.org/W3128011455","https://openalex.org/W3137366156","https://openalex.org/W3157462184","https://openalex.org/W3181034459","https://openalex.org/W3216746226","https://openalex.org/W4210567043","https://openalex.org/W4236260705","https://openalex.org/W4241499922","https://openalex.org/W4282014398","https://openalex.org/W4292408598","https://openalex.org/W4309923797","https://openalex.org/W4318336339","https://openalex.org/W4319985217","https://openalex.org/W4391388513","https://openalex.org/W4396520832","https://openalex.org/W4401183337","https://openalex.org/W6603105184","https://openalex.org/W6629901179","https://openalex.org/W6681938374"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W1498090503","https://openalex.org/W4206396619","https://openalex.org/W3032739460","https://openalex.org/W1544681840","https://openalex.org/W4214885392","https://openalex.org/W4223425174","https://openalex.org/W2050473667","https://openalex.org/W4283813430","https://openalex.org/W1789644438"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,113],"principle,":[1],"weak":[2],"sustainability,":[3],"WS,":[4],"requires":[5],"that":[6,59,93,129,199,262,284,353,361],"inclusive":[7],"wealth,":[8],"IW,":[9,298],"be":[10,95,168,214,257],"non-decreasing.":[11],"WS":[12,56,72,140,190,204,269,355],"provides":[13],"a":[14,22,28,31,65,121,197,336],"more":[15,160,320],"complete":[16,161],"account":[17],"of":[18,21,100,123,134,151,178,187,211,275,296,347,384],"the":[19,26,51,83,97,116,132,149,152,176,185,200,209,265,287,313,326,342,375],"sustainability":[20,35],"geographical":[23,66],"entity":[24],"(e.g.,":[25,45],"world,":[27],"nation,":[29],"or":[30],"sub-national":[32,143],"region)":[33],"than":[34,325],"indicators,":[36],"SIs,":[37],"on":[38,50,368],"one":[39],"hand,":[40],"and":[41,82,138,146,192,218,252,293,304,310,323,344,370,373],"conventional":[42],"economic":[43,219],"accounts":[44],"gross":[46],"domestic":[47],"product,":[48],"GDP)":[49],"other.":[52],"We":[53,240,279],"briefly":[54],"summarize":[55,280],"theory,":[57],"noting":[58],"it":[60],"was":[61,74],"developed,":[62],"implicitly,":[63],"for":[64,163,203,268,307],"space":[67],"without":[68],"internal":[69],"boundaries.":[70,189],"Empirical":[71],"assessment":[73,141,356],"developed":[75],"by":[76,171],"international":[77],"bodies":[78],"(the":[79],"World":[80],"Bank":[81],"UN":[84],"Environmental":[85],"Program)":[86],"to":[87,109,119,158,222,237,377],"shine":[88],"light":[89],"upon":[90],"national":[91,107,127],"governments":[92],"might":[94,256],"maintaining":[96,169],"current":[98],"welfare":[99,170,210],"their":[101],"citizens,":[102],"but":[103,175],"investing":[104],"insufficiently":[105],"in":[106,148,244,312],"assets":[108,173],"maintain":[110],"intertemporal":[111],"wealth.":[112],"so":[114],"doing,":[115],"need":[117],"arose":[118],"address":[120],"suite":[122],"issues":[124],"stemming":[125],"from":[126],"boundaries":[128],"may":[130,167,230],"limit":[131],"mobility":[133],"people,":[135],"resources,":[136],"goods":[137],"services.":[139],"at":[142,196,234,250],"levels":[144],"(states":[145],"counties,":[147],"case":[150],"US)":[153],"has":[154,374],"similar":[155],"motivations":[156],"\u2013":[157,174,247,259],"provide":[159,378],"accountability":[162],"regional":[164,188,224,348,354,385],"officials":[165],"who":[166],"consuming":[172],"implications":[177],"cross-boundary":[179],"flows":[180],"are":[181,362],"much":[182],"greater":[183],"given":[184],"porosity":[186],"scholars":[191],"practitioners":[193],"have":[194],"arrived":[195],"consensus":[198],"appropriate":[201,266],"criterion":[202,267],"status":[205],"is":[206,249,264,357],"IW/capita,":[207],"i.e.":[208],"people":[212],"should":[213],"sustained.":[215],"Regional":[216],"economists":[217],"geographers":[220],"tend":[221],"associate":[223],"success":[225],"with":[226,286,341,364],"population":[227,276],"growth,":[228],"which":[229],"increase":[231],"total":[232],"IW":[233],"some":[235,245],"cost":[236],"individual":[238],"welfare.":[239],"consider":[241],"this":[242],"issue":[243],"depth":[246],"what":[248],"issue,":[251],"how":[253],"any":[254],"conflict":[255],"resolved":[258],"ultimately":[260],"concluding":[261],"IW/capita":[263,306],"assessment,":[270],"while":[271],"leaving":[272],"broader":[273],"questions":[274,383],"ethics":[277],"unresolved.":[278],"recent":[281],"research":[282],"[1]":[283],"starts":[285],"Arrow":[288,327],"et":[289,328],"al":[290,329],"framework":[291,330],"[2]":[292],"improves":[294],"methods":[295,317],"assessing":[297],"especially":[299],"its":[300],"health":[301],"capital":[302],"component,":[303],"assesses":[305],"all":[308],"states":[309,322],"counties":[311,324,334],"US.":[314],"These":[315],"improved":[316],"reveal":[318],"substantially":[319],"not-WS":[321,333],"[2].":[331],"The":[332],"exhibit":[335],"distinct":[337],"rural":[338],"bias,":[339],"consistent":[340,363],"hypotheses":[343],"empirical":[345,371],"findings":[346],"scientists.":[349],"Our":[350],"work":[351],"demonstrates":[352],"feasible,":[358],"produces":[359],"results":[360],"prior":[365],"expectations":[366],"based":[367],"reasoning":[369],"research,":[372],"potential":[376],"fresh":[379],"insights":[380],"into":[381],"longstanding":[382],"development.":[386]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
