{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411205243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09045-4","title":"Physical restoration of a painting with a digitally constructed mask","display_name":"Physical restoration of a painting with a digitally constructed mask","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411205243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09045-4","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40500321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09045-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09045-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09045-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5568737/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091493899","display_name":"Alex Kachkine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1118-0218","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1118-0218"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex Kachkine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. kashkin@alum.mit.edu","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1118-0218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. kashkin@alum.mit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091493899"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":12690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":12690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.5887,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99591977,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"642","issue":"8067","first_page":"343","last_page":"350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.8300999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.8300999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12981","display_name":"Conservation Techniques and Studies","score":0.12120000272989273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1206","display_name":"Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.03180000185966492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-restoration","display_name":"digital restoration","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-painting-conservation","display_name":"oil painting conservation","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inpainting","display_name":"inpainting","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-films","display_name":"polymer films","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-cost-reduction","display_name":"treatment cost reduction","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205783811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11629","display_name":"Painting","level":2,"score":0.6169671416282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.5360769033432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4481939375400543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.3452029228210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.30276522040367126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09045-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09045-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09045-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5568737/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5568737/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5568737/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:40500321","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40500321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/159269","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/159269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Author","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5568737/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5568737/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5568737/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W326701411","https://openalex.org/W650645307","https://openalex.org/W1603555545","https://openalex.org/W1986920535","https://openalex.org/W1994128801","https://openalex.org/W2011755377","https://openalex.org/W2029423304","https://openalex.org/W2074829397","https://openalex.org/W2108654884","https://openalex.org/W2168878035","https://openalex.org/W2291382085","https://openalex.org/W2608276578","https://openalex.org/W2807520045","https://openalex.org/W2888673113","https://openalex.org/W2898830376","https://openalex.org/W2912763830","https://openalex.org/W2952185428","https://openalex.org/W2981719267","https://openalex.org/W2985271637","https://openalex.org/W3010859369","https://openalex.org/W3019559898","https://openalex.org/W3034171358","https://openalex.org/W3108757536","https://openalex.org/W3112051170","https://openalex.org/W4246194405","https://openalex.org/W4285073795","https://openalex.org/W4302425267","https://openalex.org/W4311624588","https://openalex.org/W4317791182","https://openalex.org/W4377194906","https://openalex.org/W4381684856","https://openalex.org/W4385260969","https://openalex.org/W4387823800","https://openalex.org/W4388571679","https://openalex.org/W4392899346","https://openalex.org/W4396620326","https://openalex.org/W4399253697","https://openalex.org/W4400624510","https://openalex.org/W4401357990","https://openalex.org/W4402118623","https://openalex.org/W4402266516","https://openalex.org/W4402771496","https://openalex.org/W4402988415","https://openalex.org/W4407185583"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411210011","https://openalex.org/W4407254880","https://openalex.org/W1480312797","https://openalex.org/W2914768203","https://openalex.org/W4312318684","https://openalex.org/W7161478570","https://openalex.org/W1854382491","https://openalex.org/W2105117225","https://openalex.org/W2549025709","https://openalex.org/W7170424800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Conservation":[1],"of":[2,9,15,19,52,63,73,104,167,173],"damaged":[3,169],"oil":[4],"paintings":[5,20,117,170],"requires":[6],"manual":[7],"inpainting":[8],"losses1,2,":[10],"leading":[11],"to":[12,33,70,162],"months-long":[13],"treatments":[14],"considerable":[16],"expense:":[17],"70%":[18],"in":[21,30,38,116,130],"institutional":[22],"collections":[23],"are":[24,93,119],"locked":[25],"away":[26],"from":[27,78],"public":[28],"view":[29],"part":[31],"due":[32],"treatment":[34,45],"cost3,4.":[35],"Recent":[36],"advancements":[37],"digital":[39,61,123,132],"image":[40],"reconstruction":[41],"have":[42],"helped":[43],"envision":[44],"results,":[46],"though":[47],"without":[48],"any":[49],"direct":[50],"means":[51],"achieving":[53],"them5\u20138.":[54],"Here":[55],"we":[56],"show":[57],"the":[58,71,74,79,150,165],"first":[59],"physically-applied":[60],"restoration":[62,112,133,166],"a":[64,66,96,101,126],"painting,":[65],"highly-damaged":[67],"oil-on-panel":[68],"attributed":[69],"Master":[72],"Prado":[75],"Adoration":[76],"(MPA)":[77],"late":[80],"15th":[81],"century.":[82],"In":[83],"parallel,":[84],"5,612":[85],"losses":[86],"spanning":[87],"66,205":[88],"mm2":[89],"and":[90,160],"57,314":[91],"colors":[92],"infilled":[94],"with":[95,149],"reversible":[97],"laminate":[98],"mask":[99,124],"comprising":[100],"color-accurate":[102],"bilayer":[103],"printed":[105],"pigments":[106],"on":[107],"polymeric":[108],"films.":[109],"To":[110],"ensure":[111],"effectiveness,":[113],"ethical":[114],"principles":[115],"conservation":[118,175],"implemented":[120],"quantitatively":[121],"for":[122],"construction,":[125],"critically-important":[127],"foundation":[128],"lacking":[129],"current":[131],"literature.":[134],"The":[135],"infill":[136],"process":[137],"takes":[138],"3.5":[139],"hours,":[140],"an":[141],"estimated":[142],"66":[143],"times":[144],"faster":[145],"than":[146],"conventional":[147],"inpainting,":[148],"result":[151],"closely":[152],"matching":[153],"simulation.":[154],"Our":[155],"approach":[156],"grants":[157],"unprecedented":[158],"foresight":[159],"flexibility":[161],"conservators,":[163],"enabling":[164],"countless":[168],"deemed":[171],"unworthy":[172],"high":[174],"budgets.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}