{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411191997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.8492","title":"Fundamentals of the global healthcare system and its reforms during the COVID-19 pandemic","display_name":"Fundamentals of the global healthcare system and its reforms during the COVID-19 pandemic","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411191997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.8492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36922/ghes.8492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.8492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.8492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407039971","display_name":"Global Health Economics and Sustainability","issn_l":"2972-4570","issn":["2972-4570","3060-8546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Health Economics and Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.8492","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011451506","display_name":"Chayan Munshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4479-7475","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4479-7475"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chayan Munshi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038479093","display_name":"Ruma Garai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruma Garai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102911125","display_name":"Swapnanil Mondal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1234-5968","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1234-5968"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swapnanil Mondal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Upama Das","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Upama Das","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ishika Pal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ishika Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108322322","display_name":"Farhan Jamil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9955-0524","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9955-0524"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhan Jamil","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011451506"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3933,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76457386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"74","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14186","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Practices","score":0.3707999885082245,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14186","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Practices","score":0.3707999885082245,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.3564000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13945","display_name":"Legal, Health, Environmental and COVID-19 Challenges","score":0.05649999901652336,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-reform","display_name":"health care reform","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-financing","display_name":"health care financing","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-expenditure","display_name":"health care expenditure","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdfunding","display_name":"crowdfunding","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-funding","display_name":"government funding","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-sector-contribution","display_name":"private sector contribution","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-management","display_name":"health management","score":0.6610000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.844518780708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8197917938232422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5943287014961243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5331268906593323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.510791540145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.48181620240211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.31919124722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2832910418510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16847974061965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.1276291310787201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.07293885946273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.06445053219795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.06127402186393738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.051416367292404175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36922/ghes.8492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.8492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.8492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407039971","display_name":"Global Health Economics and Sustainability","issn_l":"2972-4570","issn":["2972-4570","3060-8546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Health Economics and Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36922/ghes.8492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.8492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.8492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407039971","display_name":"Global Health Economics and Sustainability","issn_l":"2972-4570","issn":["2972-4570","3060-8546"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Health Economics and Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3156678432","https://openalex.org/W3200217906","https://openalex.org/W3164261114","https://openalex.org/W4367174901","https://openalex.org/W3100587303","https://openalex.org/W3115617756","https://openalex.org/W4308418037","https://openalex.org/W3213593860","https://openalex.org/W3188236891","https://openalex.org/W3142413879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,52],"global":[1,49,103,114],"healthcare":[2,41,50,55,85,115],"system":[3,116],"is":[4],"inherently":[5],"dynamic,":[6],"shaped":[7],"by":[8],"the":[9,32,37,44,48,58,96,102,109,113,119,124],"critical":[10],"application":[11],"of":[12,47,98,112],"economic":[13,110],"models":[14],"aimed":[15],"at":[16],"delivering":[17],"life-saving":[18],"care":[19],"to":[20,65],"populations":[21],"across":[22],"all":[23],"socioeconomic":[24,45],"strata.":[25],"However,":[26],"when":[27],"unprecedented":[28],"crises,":[29],"such":[30,88],"as":[31],"COVID-19":[33,104,125],"pandemic":[34],"(SARS-CoV-2),":[35],"emerge,":[36],"unanticipated":[38],"demand":[39],"for":[40],"facilities":[42],"disrupts":[43],"stability":[46],"system.":[51],"surge":[53],"in":[54,83,101],"expenditures":[56],"strains":[57],"existing":[59],"financial":[60,71,92],"structures,":[61],"challenging":[62],"their":[63],"capacity":[64],"sustain":[66],"essential":[67],"services.":[68],"Nonetheless,":[69],"supplementary":[70],"support,":[72],"through":[73],"crowdfunding,":[74],"government":[75],"funding,":[76],"and":[77,117],"private":[78],"sector":[79],"contributions,":[80],"has":[81],"assisted":[82],"stabilizing":[84],"delivery":[86],"during":[87,123],"a":[89],"period.":[90],"These":[91],"shifts":[93],"have":[94],"driven":[95],"implementation":[97],"novel":[99],"approaches":[100],"response.":[105],"This":[106],"review":[107],"examines":[108],"landscape":[111],"highlights":[118],"fundamental":[120],"managerial":[121],"protocols":[122],"pandemic.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}