{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411077099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486","title":"Determinants of economic well-being and human development in Somalia: a dual analysis of GDP per capita and life expectancy","display_name":"Determinants of economic well-being and human development in Somalia: a dual analysis of GDP per capita and life expectancy","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411077099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765075218","display_name":"Cogent Economics & Finance","issn_l":"2332-2039","issn":["2332-2039"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311767","host_organization_name":"Cogent OA","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311767"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cogent OA"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cogent Economics &amp; Finance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002667055","display_name":"Abdikadir Ahmed Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7589-8502","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7589-8502"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157195","display_name":"Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05brr5h08","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdikadir Ahmed Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7589-8502","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083052423","display_name":"salma anwer mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7578-225X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7578-225X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157195","display_name":"Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05brr5h08","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saido Nur Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7578-225X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117848858","display_name":"Ikran Mohamed Weyrah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0499-4487","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0499-4487"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157195","display_name":"Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05brr5h08","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikran Mohamed Weyrah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0499-4487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117848859","display_name":"Maryan Daud Isse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1804-3847","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1804-3847"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157195","display_name":"Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05brr5h08","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryan Daud Isse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1804-3847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117848860","display_name":"Ismahan Abdi Husein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6583-8787","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6583-8787"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157195","display_name":"Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05brr5h08","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismahan Abdi Husein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6583-8787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002667055"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157195"],"apc_list":{"value":950,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1165},"apc_paid":{"value":950,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1165},"fwci":3.2727,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91005676,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13867","display_name":"Economic Growth and Development","score":0.8809000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13867","display_name":"Economic Growth and Development","score":0.8809000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.04100000113248825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.02889999933540821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-well-being","display_name":"economic well-being","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-development","display_name":"human development","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gdp-per-capita","display_name":"GDP per capita","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-expectancy","display_name":"life expectancy","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-quality","display_name":"institutional quality","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-stability","display_name":"political stability","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflation","display_name":"inflation","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-aid","display_name":"foreign aid","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"foreign direct investment","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"urbanization","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aid-dependency","display_name":"aid dependency","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragile-states","display_name":"fragile states","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/somalia","display_name":"Somalia","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/governance","display_name":"governance","score":0.5590000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133925201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188419","display_name":"Life expectancy","level":3,"score":0.8522297143936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.7220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7082736492156982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.6566743850708008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114350782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638","display_name":"Gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.5319614410400391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.4710512161254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4509167969226837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3173295855522156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.20649996399879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.09309011697769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765075218","display_name":"Cogent Economics & Finance","issn_l":"2332-2039","issn":["2332-2039"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311767","host_organization_name":"Cogent OA","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311767"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cogent OA"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cogent Economics &amp; Finance","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:36f53e6e11394ca3ab3a3c6e2e5abda5","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/36f53e6e11394ca3ab3a3c6e2e5abda5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cogent Economics & Finance, Vol 13, Iss 1 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2025.2513486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765075218","display_name":"Cogent Economics & Finance","issn_l":"2332-2039","issn":["2332-2039"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311767","host_organization_name":"Cogent OA","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311767"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cogent OA"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cogent Economics &amp; Finance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304},{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.8928999900817871},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966910378","https://openalex.org/W1975994995","https://openalex.org/W1999505698","https://openalex.org/W2018183252","https://openalex.org/W2051186886","https://openalex.org/W2061651053","https://openalex.org/W2097580026","https://openalex.org/W2115430085","https://openalex.org/W2116905567","https://openalex.org/W2122913325","https://openalex.org/W2222192421","https://openalex.org/W2234649502","https://openalex.org/W2237530068","https://openalex.org/W2297472645","https://openalex.org/W2332787986","https://openalex.org/W2524520248","https://openalex.org/W2562495769","https://openalex.org/W2803072236","https://openalex.org/W2896644856","https://openalex.org/W2950950114","https://openalex.org/W2972331992","https://openalex.org/W3001785409","https://openalex.org/W3003871934","https://openalex.org/W3016592521","https://openalex.org/W3033282044","https://openalex.org/W3089085995","https://openalex.org/W3102419814","https://openalex.org/W3107168035","https://openalex.org/W3112363997","https://openalex.org/W3119722865","https://openalex.org/W3121576793","https://openalex.org/W3122183823","https://openalex.org/W3123119147","https://openalex.org/W3124136373","https://openalex.org/W3124166904","https://openalex.org/W3124797613","https://openalex.org/W3136608727","https://openalex.org/W3147534605","https://openalex.org/W3167993323","https://openalex.org/W3178266706","https://openalex.org/W3212144615","https://openalex.org/W4206578771","https://openalex.org/W4210248487","https://openalex.org/W4210745058","https://openalex.org/W4229010349","https://openalex.org/W4285300597","https://openalex.org/W4292306163","https://openalex.org/W4297346281","https://openalex.org/W4298413470","https://openalex.org/W4309084298","https://openalex.org/W4317209743","https://openalex.org/W4320040121","https://openalex.org/W4366547912","https://openalex.org/W4382939048","https://openalex.org/W4385224177","https://openalex.org/W4386415296","https://openalex.org/W4386421854","https://openalex.org/W4386934935","https://openalex.org/W4387337377","https://openalex.org/W4387808327","https://openalex.org/W4388163404","https://openalex.org/W4390050341","https://openalex.org/W4390270263","https://openalex.org/W4390950127","https://openalex.org/W4392592608","https://openalex.org/W4393073972","https://openalex.org/W4396522035","https://openalex.org/W4396764970","https://openalex.org/W4396780291","https://openalex.org/W4396946317","https://openalex.org/W4398232712","https://openalex.org/W4399294771","https://openalex.org/W4399370640","https://openalex.org/W4400269121","https://openalex.org/W4400777939","https://openalex.org/W4400965846","https://openalex.org/W4401103507","https://openalex.org/W4401431041","https://openalex.org/W4402924765","https://openalex.org/W4403342463","https://openalex.org/W4404021703","https://openalex.org/W4404374451","https://openalex.org/W4405277884","https://openalex.org/W4405682796","https://openalex.org/W4405881364","https://openalex.org/W4406142420","https://openalex.org/W6670059960","https://openalex.org/W6901538077","https://openalex.org/W7027825480","https://openalex.org/W7128642678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414544657","https://openalex.org/W7128958251","https://openalex.org/W7149552524","https://openalex.org/W7165483397","https://openalex.org/W7212840350","https://openalex.org/W7165615034","https://openalex.org/W4414531183","https://openalex.org/W4403602112","https://openalex.org/W7201857686","https://openalex.org/W4414207355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Economic":[0],"well-being":[1],"and":[2,23,34,49,56,76,88,96,109,115,130,134,140,160,173,190,194],"human":[3],"development":[4],"are":[5],"essential":[6],"indicators":[7],"of":[8,37,106],"a":[9],"nation\u2019s":[10],"progress,":[11],"particularly":[12],"in":[13,99,112,152,197],"fragile":[14],"states":[15],"like":[16],"Somalia,":[17],"where":[18],"political":[19,40],"instability,":[20],"weak":[21],"institutions,":[22],"external":[24],"dependencies":[25],"pose":[26],"persistent":[27],"challenges.":[28],"This":[29],"study":[30,178],"examines":[31],"the":[32,64,100,104,153,166],"long-":[33],"short-run":[35],"effects":[36],"institutional":[38,86,169],"quality,":[39],"stability,":[41,138],"inflation,":[42,139],"foreign":[43,45,110,119],"aid,":[44],"direct":[46],"investment":[47,111],"(FDI),":[48],"urbanization":[50,141,147],"on":[51],"Somalia\u2019s":[52],"GDP":[53,93],"per":[54,94],"capita":[55,95],"life":[57,97],"expectancy":[58,98],"from":[59],"1989":[60],"to":[61,157],"2022,":[62],"employing":[63],"Autoregressive":[65],"Distributed":[66],"Lag":[67],"(ARDL)":[68],"model,":[69],"Fully":[70],"Modified":[71],"Ordinary":[72,78],"Least":[73,79],"Squares":[74,80],"(FMOLS),":[75],"Dynamic":[77],"(DOLS).":[81],"The":[82,177],"findings":[83],"indicate":[84],"that":[85,181],"quality":[87],"FDI":[89],"significantly":[90],"enhance":[91,182],"both":[92,123,150],"long":[101],"run,":[102],"highlighting":[103],"importance":[105],"strong":[107],"governance":[108],"driving":[113],"economic":[114,193],"social":[116,195],"progress.":[117],"Conversely,":[118],"aid":[120,128,175],"negatively":[121,148],"affects":[122],"indicators,":[124],"reinforcing":[125],"concerns":[126],"about":[127],"dependency":[129],"weakened":[131],"domestic":[132],"productivity":[133],"healthcare":[135,161],"systems.":[136],"Political":[137],"exhibit":[142],"limited":[143],"long-run":[144],"effects,":[145],"though":[146],"impacts":[149],"outcomes":[151],"short":[154],"run":[155],"due":[156],"infrastructure":[158],"constraints":[159],"pressures.":[162],"These":[163],"results":[164],"emphasize":[165],"need":[167],"for":[168],"reforms,":[170],"investment-friendly":[171],"policies,":[172],"reduced":[174],"dependency.":[176],"recommends":[179],"policies":[180],"governance,":[183],"attract":[184],"targeted":[185],"FDI,":[186],"improve":[187],"urban":[188],"planning,":[189],"strengthen":[191],"long-term":[192],"resilience":[196],"Somalia.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
