{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411033484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13060160","title":"Economic Clues to Crime: Insights from Mongolia","display_name":"Economic Clues to Crime: Insights from Mongolia","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411033484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13060160"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/economies13060160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13060160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13060160","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/13/6/160/pdf?version=1749028518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737296559","display_name":"Economies","issn_l":"2227-7099","issn":["2227-7099"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/13/6/160/pdf?version=1749028518","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068483383","display_name":"Dagvasuren Ganbold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-2272","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-2272"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088341","display_name":"University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/005d8s603","country_code":"MN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088341"]}],"countries":["MN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dagvasuren Ganbold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fundamental Science, University of Finance and Economics, BZD 3rd Street, Peace Avenue-5, Ulaanbaatar 13381, Mongolia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-2272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fundamental Science, University of Finance and Economics, BZD 3rd Street, Peace Avenue-5, Ulaanbaatar 13381, Mongolia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088341"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016230775","display_name":"Enkhbayar Jamsranjav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-3864","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-3864"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64222039","display_name":"National University of Mongolia","ror":"https://ror.org/04855bv47","country_code":"MN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64222039"]}],"countries":["MN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enkhbayar Jamsranjav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics, National University of Mongolia, Ikh Surguuliin Gudamj-1, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-3864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics, National University of Mongolia, Ikh Surguuliin Gudamj-1, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64222039"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008744163","display_name":"Young-Rae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5390-1007","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5390-1007"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088341","display_name":"University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/005d8s603","country_code":"MN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088341"]}],"countries":["MN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young-Rae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fundamental Science, University of Finance and Economics, BZD 3rd Street, Peace Avenue-5, Ulaanbaatar 13381, Mongolia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fundamental Science, University of Finance and Economics, BZD 3rd Street, Peace Avenue-5, Ulaanbaatar 13381, Mongolia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088341"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114754413","display_name":"Erdenechuluun Jargalsaikhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2570-7098","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2570-7098"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088341","display_name":"University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/005d8s603","country_code":"MN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088341"]}],"countries":["MN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erdenechuluun Jargalsaikhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fundamental Science, University of Finance and Economics, BZD 3rd Street, Peace Avenue-5, Ulaanbaatar 13381, Mongolia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2570-7098","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fundamental Science, University of Finance and Economics, BZD 3rd Street, Peace Avenue-5, Ulaanbaatar 13381, Mongolia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088341"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068483383"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088341"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"160","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.6967999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.6967999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.1932000070810318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.07370000332593918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crime-determinants","display_name":"crime determinants","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property-crime","display_name":"property crime","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"unemployment","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incarceration-rates","display_name":"incarceration rates","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robbery","display_name":"robbery","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theft","display_name":"theft","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fraud","display_name":"fraud","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"law enforcement","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transition-economies","display_name":"transition economies","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mongolia","display_name":"Mongolia","score":0.9610000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993353048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5449702","display_name":"Economic crime","level":2,"score":0.4469260573387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.41158103942871094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3338664472103119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3270244598388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.32586634159088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3224484622478485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21101167798042297}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/economies13060160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13060160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13060160","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/13/6/160/pdf?version=1749028518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737296559","display_name":"Economies","issn_l":"2227-7099","issn":["2227-7099"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/329440","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419/329440","pdf_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/329440/1/economies-13-00160.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:13:y:2025:i:6:p:160-:d:1671612","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/13/6/160/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dbdf85c44cfc400db12f4e8cff7a0cbd","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dbdf85c44cfc400db12f4e8cff7a0cbd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Economies, Vol 13, Iss 6, p 160 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/economies13060160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13060160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13060160","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/13/6/160/pdf?version=1749028518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737296559","display_name":"Economies","issn_l":"2227-7099","issn":["2227-7099"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.833299994468689}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411033484.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411033484.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48266918","https://openalex.org/W86385803","https://openalex.org/W1527419674","https://openalex.org/W1587141723","https://openalex.org/W1960127097","https://openalex.org/W1975994995","https://openalex.org/W1981972606","https://openalex.org/W1991475499","https://openalex.org/W1992854984","https://openalex.org/W2041361254","https://openalex.org/W2053855751","https://openalex.org/W2064638174","https://openalex.org/W2075060010","https://openalex.org/W2079976834","https://openalex.org/W2080840193","https://openalex.org/W2110603299","https://openalex.org/W2110928656","https://openalex.org/W2138841876","https://openalex.org/W2149160421","https://openalex.org/W2153562738","https://openalex.org/W2156888474","https://openalex.org/W2189821821","https://openalex.org/W2326864848","https://openalex.org/W2330634256","https://openalex.org/W2749739514","https://openalex.org/W2774021486","https://openalex.org/W2892030650","https://openalex.org/W4210664563","https://openalex.org/W4286375046","https://openalex.org/W4388085481","https://openalex.org/W4393056096","https://openalex.org/W4394794576","https://openalex.org/W4403410658","https://openalex.org/W4411448287"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409260030","https://openalex.org/W3025517812","https://openalex.org/W1535127277","https://openalex.org/W7100295340","https://openalex.org/W930108182","https://openalex.org/W7112462691","https://openalex.org/W2084299990","https://openalex.org/W3082415539","https://openalex.org/W7168483003","https://openalex.org/W7112852071"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,169],"paper":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,24,39,42,78,97,155,161,173,177,189,208],"dynamic":[4],"relationship":[5],"between":[6],"economic":[7,29,193,222],"indicators,":[8],"law":[9,218],"enforcement":[10,219],"mechanisms,":[11],"and":[12,33,35,48,59,73,112,143,145,194,223],"property-related":[13],"crimes":[14],"in":[15,96,105,128,160,185,201,217],"Mongolia":[16],"using":[17,165],"a":[18,89,110,133,202],"time-series":[19],"econometric":[20],"approach.":[21],"Relying":[22],"on":[23,51,94,116,182,197],"theoretical":[25],"frameworks":[26],"of":[27,31,44,192],"Becker\u2019s":[28],"model":[30,64,163],"crime":[32,53,183,199],"Cantor":[34],"Land\u2019s":[36],"motivation\u2013opportunity":[37],"hypothesis,":[38],"study":[40,170],"explores":[41],"effects":[43],"unemployment,":[45,144],"detection":[46,86,150],"probability,":[47],"incarceration":[49,101,142],"rates":[50,87,102],"four":[52],"categories:":[54],"total":[55],"crime,":[56],"theft,":[57],"robbery,":[58],"fraud.":[60],"An":[61],"error":[62],"correction":[63],"(ECM)":[65],"is":[66],"employed":[67],"to":[68,119,125,149,172],"capture":[69],"both":[70,141],"short-run":[71],"fluctuations":[72],"long-run":[74,114],"equilibrium":[75],"relationships":[76],"over":[77],"period":[79],"1992\u20132022.":[80],"The":[81,205],"empirical":[82,180],"findings":[83,206],"reveal":[84],"that":[85,214],"exert":[88],"statistically":[90],"significant":[91,113],"deterrent":[92],"effect":[93,115],"robbery":[95],"short":[98],"term,":[99],"while":[100],"are":[103],"effective":[104],"reducing":[106],"theft.":[107],"Unemployment":[108],"shows":[109],"positive":[111],"theft":[117,162],"prior":[118],"2009":[120],"but":[121],"weakens":[122],"thereafter":[123],"due":[124],"methodological":[126],"changes":[127],"labor":[129],"statistics.":[130],"Fraud":[131],"demonstrates":[132],"distinct":[134],"response":[135],"pattern,":[136],"exhibiting":[137],"negative":[138],"associations":[139],"with":[140,158,220],"showing":[146],"no":[147],"sensitivity":[148],"probability.":[151],"Diagnostic":[152],"tests":[153],"support":[154],"model\u2019s":[156],"robustness,":[157],"heteroskedasticity":[159],"addressed":[164],"robust":[166],"standard":[167],"errors.":[168],"contributes":[171],"literature":[174],"by":[175],"providing":[176],"first":[178],"country-specific":[179],"evidence":[181],"determinants":[184],"Mongolia.":[186],"It":[187],"highlights":[188],"heterogeneous":[190],"impact":[191],"institutional":[195],"factors":[196],"different":[198],"types":[200],"transition":[203],"economy.":[204],"underscore":[207],"need":[209],"for":[210],"integrated":[211],"policy":[212],"responses":[213],"combine":[215],"improvements":[216],"inclusive":[221],"social":[224],"development":[225],"strategies.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}