{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411025950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v12i2025.704","title":"Effects of Ethnic Voting and Inequality on Democracy","display_name":"Effects of Ethnic Voting and Inequality on Democracy","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411025950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v12i2025.704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.33063/pbj.v12i2025.704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v12i2025.704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v12i2025.704","pdf_url":"https://journals.uu.se/pax-et-bellum/article/download/704/661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287926","display_name":"Pax et Bellum Journal","issn_l":"2001-9173","issn":["2001-9173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pax et Bellum Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.uu.se/pax-et-bellum/article/download/704/661","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115829751","display_name":"Felix Bergstein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","display_name":"University of Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/031bsb921","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Felix Bergstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mannheim"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mannheim","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115829751"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11328253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.760699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.760699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.2101999968290329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13291","display_name":"Political Theory and Democracy","score":0.014100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-voting","display_name":"ethnic voting","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horizontal-inequality","display_name":"horizontal inequality","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"democracy","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-divisions","display_name":"ethnic divisions","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-violence","display_name":"electoral violence","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-patronage","display_name":"political patronage","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-stability","display_name":"democratic stability","score":0.6179999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.7655577659606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.7518138289451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.7210497260093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7100076079368591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5461621284484863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3737925887107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.36937105655670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3328423798084259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.31914645433425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2032628357410431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.09942150115966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.05826684832572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.33063/pbj.v12i2025.704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v12i2025.704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v12i2025.704","pdf_url":"https://journals.uu.se/pax-et-bellum/article/download/704/661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287926","display_name":"Pax et Bellum Journal","issn_l":"2001-9173","issn":["2001-9173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pax et Bellum Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.33063/pbj.v12i2025.704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v12i2025.704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33063/pbj.v12i2025.704","pdf_url":"https://journals.uu.se/pax-et-bellum/article/download/704/661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287926","display_name":"Pax et Bellum Journal","issn_l":"2001-9173","issn":["2001-9173"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pax et Bellum Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411025950.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411025950.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131462109","https://openalex.org/W1507659295","https://openalex.org/W1533460353","https://openalex.org/W1654896026","https://openalex.org/W1854379977","https://openalex.org/W1974427010","https://openalex.org/W1975264861","https://openalex.org/W1981075390","https://openalex.org/W1985304912","https://openalex.org/W2012499232","https://openalex.org/W2018876399","https://openalex.org/W2027918095","https://openalex.org/W2033440542","https://openalex.org/W2041692102","https://openalex.org/W2057238339","https://openalex.org/W2070576173","https://openalex.org/W2074504018","https://openalex.org/W2080360912","https://openalex.org/W2100164282","https://openalex.org/W2116212710","https://openalex.org/W2119655503","https://openalex.org/W2124758339","https://openalex.org/W2129273303","https://openalex.org/W2139736414","https://openalex.org/W2142063774","https://openalex.org/W2147913987","https://openalex.org/W2148334637","https://openalex.org/W2153018612","https://openalex.org/W2155884724","https://openalex.org/W2158935557","https://openalex.org/W2166029219","https://openalex.org/W2169278049","https://openalex.org/W2171225164","https://openalex.org/W2331267738","https://openalex.org/W2333508407","https://openalex.org/W2491138831","https://openalex.org/W2541276153","https://openalex.org/W2561929231","https://openalex.org/W2587795693","https://openalex.org/W2610606728","https://openalex.org/W2615515249","https://openalex.org/W2754736034","https://openalex.org/W2760965807","https://openalex.org/W2790323681","https://openalex.org/W2884104221","https://openalex.org/W2897899509","https://openalex.org/W2924760491","https://openalex.org/W2981949700","https://openalex.org/W2998246919","https://openalex.org/W3121704525","https://openalex.org/W3125205083","https://openalex.org/W3156121090","https://openalex.org/W3212898045","https://openalex.org/W4232508652","https://openalex.org/W4251893360","https://openalex.org/W4389414279","https://openalex.org/W4398983629","https://openalex.org/W6644622066","https://openalex.org/W6649024946","https://openalex.org/W6807668644","https://openalex.org/W7019245213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2790323681","https://openalex.org/W2153018612","https://openalex.org/W4386070152","https://openalex.org/W7204955489","https://openalex.org/W6906369671","https://openalex.org/W4401394517","https://openalex.org/W4408988596","https://openalex.org/W4412233536","https://openalex.org/W2897899509","https://openalex.org/W2924760491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ethnic":[0],"voting":[1,39,74,93,118,133,151,181],"and":[2,24,40,94,102,107,119,122,134,169,182],"horizontal":[3,80,120,135,148],"inequalities":[4,121,136],"are":[5],"widely":[6],"considered":[7],"detrimental":[8],"to":[9,30,178],"democracy":[10,76,139],"as":[11,163,165],"they":[12,28,43],"reinforce":[13],"ethnic":[14,31,38,73,91,117,132,150,180],"divisions,":[15],"make":[16],"election":[17],"results":[18,128],"more":[19,84,175],"predictable,":[20],"incentivize":[21],"electoral":[22],"violence":[23],"patronage":[25],"politics.":[26],"Moreover,":[27],"lead":[29],"outbidding.":[32],"While":[33],"previous":[34],"studies":[35],"have":[36,44,153],"analyzed":[37],"inequality":[41],"separately,":[42],"largely":[45],"overlooked":[46],"their":[47,55,123],"interaction,":[48],"leaving":[49],"an":[50],"important":[51],"gap":[52,65],"in":[53],"understanding":[54,179],"combined":[56],"effect":[57,124],"on":[58,75,87,125],"democratic":[59,95],"quality.":[60],"This":[61],"study":[62],"addresses":[63],"this":[64,111],"by":[66,79],"investigating":[67],"whether":[68],"the":[69,88,114,166,171],"negative":[70],"impact":[71],"of":[72,105,147],"is":[77],"moderated":[78],"inequality,":[81,149],"offering":[82],"a":[83,103,154,174],"nuanced":[85],"perspective":[86],"relationship":[89],"between":[90,116],"based":[92],"stability.":[96],"Using":[97],"data":[98],"from":[99],"58":[100],"countries,":[101],"range":[104],"Tobit":[106],"OLS":[108],"regression":[109],"models,":[110],"article":[112],"analyzes":[113],"interaction":[115],"democracy.":[126,183],"The":[127],"confirm":[129],"that":[130,143],"both":[131],"individually":[137],"harm":[138],"but":[140],"unexpectedly":[141],"suggest":[142],"at":[144],"higher":[145],"levels":[146],"may":[152],"stabilizing":[155],"effect.":[156],"These":[157],"findings":[158],"challenge":[159],"existing":[160],"theoretical":[161],"assumptions":[162],"well":[164],"Lijphart-Horowitz":[167],"dichotomy":[168],"highlight":[170],"need":[172],"for":[173],"contextualized":[176],"approach":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
